Comparison of short-term aquatic toxicity: Formulation vs active ingredients of pesticides

Schmuck, Richard A.; Pflüger, Wolfgang; Grau, R.; Hollihn, U.; Fischer, Richard W.

doi:10.1007/bf00224811

Cited by 31 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Evaluating the results of the present study, it was revealed that the formulation was more toxic than the technical grade cypermethrin according to the criteria of Mayer and Ellersieck (1986) and Schmuck et al (1994). Since only one single point (LC 50 ) for the concentration-effect function was considered under both criteria, Demetrio et al (2014) proposed to accept the criteria as valid only when the concentration effect lines were parallel.…”

Section: Effects On Growthmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Lethal concentrations of cypermethrin at which 50% mortality of the fish occurred (LC 50 ) and its 95% confidence limits were estimated for 96 h from the mortality data using EPA-Probit analysis version 1.5 statistical software based on the probit analysis method of Finney (1971). LC 50 values between the active ingredient and formulation were compared following the criteria of Mayer and Ellersieck (1986), Schmuck et al (1994) and Demetrio et al (2014).…”

Section: Acute Toxicity Bioassaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quotient (LC 50 of X/LC 50 of Y) is used to interpret and compare the acute toxicity data between technical grade (X) and formulation (Y) of pesticides. Mayer and Ellersieck (1986) assumed the formulation as more toxic when the quotient was more than 1, while Schmuck et al (1994) observed that there was a natural variability of quotient between 0.5 and 2.0 and considered the formulation as more toxic when the quotient was more than 2.…”

Section: Effects On Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cypermethrin induced stress and changes in growth of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus

Majumder

Kaviraj

2017

Int Aquat Res

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Bioassays were conducted with technical grade and commercial formulation of cypermethrin using freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus as the test fish. The technical grade cypermethrin contained 92% active ingredient (a.i.) and the commercial formulation was an emulsified concentrate (EC) containing 10% a.i. (10% EC). Based on the actual concentration in water (2 h), the commercial formulation was found to be more acutely toxic to O. niloticus (96-h LC 50 = 4.85 lg/L) than the technical grade cypermethrin (96-h LC 50 = 9.74 lg/L). Exposure to sub-lethal concentrations (1.25, 2.5 lg/L) of commercial cypermethrin for 96 h produced stress on the fish, which was evident from the reduction of hepatic glycogen, reduction in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase and catalase in liver and elevation of plasma glucose level and activities of hepatic acid phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Exposure to these concentrations of cypermethrin for 14-28 days produced anaemia in fish. Long-term exposure (90 days) of the fish to these concentrations reduced the growth and deposition of protein and lipid in the body of fish as compared to control.It is concluded from this study that even minute concentration (1.25 lg/L) of cypermethrin (10% EC) in water can produce stress on fish. Long term exposure to such concentration of cypermethrin may also affect growth of the fish.

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Section: Effects On Growthmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Acute Toxicity Bioassaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects On Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cypermethrin induced stress and changes in growth of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus

Majumder

Kaviraj

2017

Int Aquat Res

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“…Similarly, results of several studies indicated that pesticide formulations are more potent genotoxins than active ingredients alone in a variety of test systems [Bolognesi et al, 1997;Grisolia et al, 2004;Zeljezic et al, 2006]. On the other hand, Schmuck et al [1994] performed a comprehensive toxicity test using 273 pesticide formulations and active ingredients on fish and reported that more than 75% of the formulated products did not show a higher toxicity than the active ingredients. In our study, comparison of active ingredient and commercial formulation revealed that the level of genotoxic damage induced by the active ingredient trifluralin was comparatively higher than that of commercial formulation Treflan.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Genotoxicity testing of the herbicide trifluralin and its commercial formulation Treflan using the piscine micronucleus test

Könen

Çavaş

2008

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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In this study, the genotoxic effects of a widely used herbicide, trifluralin, and its commercial formulation, Treflan, were evaluated using the micronucleus test in a commercially important fish species, Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia). Fish were exposed to 1, 5, and 10 microg/L doses of trifluralin and Treflan for 3, 6, and 9 days under laboratory conditions. Ethylmethanesulfonate, at a single dose of 10 mg/L, was used as positive control. Micronuclei were evaluated on the peripheral erythrocytes. Both Treflan and trifluralin treatments significantly increased the micronucleus frequencies in peripheral erythrocytes of O. niloticus. Furthermore, the genotoxicity of the active ingredient, trifluralin, was observed to be higher than that of the commercial formulation Treflan. Our results indicate that herbicide trifluralin has genotoxic potential in fish.

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“…The data extracted from the AQUIRE database consisted of results from laboratory experiments under a range of test conditions. Acute toxicity values might depend on the test conditions, such as the material type of the insecticide (e.g., active ingredient or formulation) 29) , the insect's growth stage, 30) and the sampling site [31][32][33] where test animals were collected. Owing to wide differences in test conditions between our study and previous studies, careful comparison of sensitivities is needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A useful new insecticide bioassay using first-instar larvae of a net-spinning caddisfly, Cheumatopsyche brevilineata (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae)

et al. 2009

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A new insecticide bioassay for assessing the effects of acute insecticide toxicity on lotic insects was developed. It uses first-instar larvae of a net-spinning caddisfly, Cheumatopsyche brevilineata. The test method was suitable for 30 insecticides with a range of action mechanisms. Caddisfly larvae were much more sensitive than daphnids to neonicotinoids. The new bioassay is thus a useful and reliable method for assessing the impact of chemicals such as neonicotinoids, whose risks for lotic insects might be underestimated by the daphnid bioassay.

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Comparison of short-term aquatic toxicity: Formulation vs active ingredients of pesticides

Cited by 31 publications

References 8 publications

Cypermethrin induced stress and changes in growth of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus

Cypermethrin induced stress and changes in growth of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus

Genotoxicity testing of the herbicide trifluralin and its commercial formulation Treflan using the piscine micronucleus test

A useful new insecticide bioassay using first-instar larvae of a net-spinning caddisfly, Cheumatopsyche brevilineata (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae)

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