Comparison of skin decontamination efficacy of commercial decontamination products following exposure to VX on human skin

Thors, Lina; Koch, Mona; Wigenstam, Elisabeth; Koch, Bo; Hägglund, Lars; Bucht, Anders

doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.002

Cited by 37 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The emergency services’ response to incidents involving large numbers of individuals is commonly termed “mass casualty decontamination” 2 ; one such protocol is the “Ladder Pipe System” of decontamination (LPS), during which a pair of fire engines park in parallel to deliver a high-volume, low-pressure water mist into a corridor through which casualties pass ( https://medicalcountermeasures.gov/barda/cbrn/prism/ ; https://www.nfpa.org/~/media/files/news-and-research/resources/external-links/first-responders/decontamination/ecbc_guide_masscasualtydecontam_0813.pdf?la=en) 1 . The vast majority of previous studies that evaluated the efficacy of various decontamination systems focused on removing contaminants from the skin surface 3 – 10 . In contrast, relatively few studies have investigated hair decontamination and there is currently no in vitro model to quantify the risk associated with spreading contamination from hair to the underlying scalp or lower body surfaces during wet decontamination processes (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid in vitro diffusion cell for simultaneous evaluation of hair and skin decontamination: temporal distribution of chemical contaminants

Matar

Amer

Kansagra

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Most casualty or personnel decontamination studies have focused on removing contaminants from the skin. However, scalp hair and underlying skin are the most likely areas of contamination following airborne exposure to chemicals. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions of contaminants with scalp hair and underlying skin using a hybrid in vitro diffusion cell model. The in vitro hybrid test system comprised “curtains” of human hair mounted onto sections of excised porcine skin within a modified diffusion cell. The results demonstrated that hair substantially reduced underlying scalp skin contamination and that hair may provide a limited decontamination effect by removing contaminants from the skin surface. This hybrid test system may have application in the development of improved chemical incident response processes through the evaluation of various hair and skin decontamination strategies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid in vitro diffusion cell for simultaneous evaluation of hair and skin decontamination: temporal distribution of chemical contaminants

Matar

Amer

Kansagra

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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“…38 RSDL seems to show a superior decontamination efficacy in percutaneous VX poisoning compared with various decontamination products (e.g., fuller's earth). 39 In summary, the first step toward a successful treatment of nerve agent poisoning uses advanced measures of decontamination and detoxification.…”

Section: Skin Decontaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, the idea of combining decontamination and detoxification into a single step has been suggested: the FDA approved reactive skin decontamination lotion (RSDL), containing 2,3‐butadiene monooxime (diacetylmonoxime), polyethylene glycol, and solvents, which facilitates desorption of the nerve agent from the skin and subsequent degradation via a nucleophilic reaction 38 . RSDL seems to show a superior decontamination efficacy in percutaneous VX poisoning compared with various decontamination products (e.g., fuller's earth) 39 . In summary, the first step toward a successful treatment of nerve agent poisoning uses advanced measures of decontamination and detoxification.…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostics and treatment of nerve agent poisoning—current status and future developments

Amend¹,

Niessen²,

Seeger³

et al. 2020

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Although 193 states have committed to the Chemical Weapons Convention and 98% of the declared chemical weapons stockpiles have been destroyed so far, nerve agent poisoning remains a lingering threat. The recent dissemination of sarin in Syria, the assassination of Kim Jong-Nam in Malaysia, and the assault on Sergei Skripal in the United Kingdom underline the need for effective treatment. The current therapeutic options of a muscarinic receptor antagonist, an oxime, and an anticonvulsant have been unchanged for decades. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies, for example, bioscavengers and receptor-active substances, are promising concepts that have to be examined for their benefits and limitations. In order to facilitate rapid diagnosis in challenging clinical situations, point-of-care diagnostics and detection are of importance. Therapeutic guidance concerning the duration and success of the current oxime therapy via determination of the cholinesterase status can contribute to an optimal use of resources. In summary, the challenges of current and future therapies for nerve agent poisoning and key diagnostic devices will be discussed.

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“…Ethanol, sodium hypochlorite or DNA away are frequently used for surface decontamination [26,27] and each can cause a degradation of nucleic acids. RSDL is a promising decontamination method for tick surface microbiomes as its compounds have been optimised to eliminate the attack of toxic chemicals and biologicals of human skin surface [28,29]. However, detailed information of decontamination procedures or protocols for the tick surface are not publicly available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Tick Surface Decontamination Methods

Hoffmann

Fingerle²,

Noll

2020

Microorganisms

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Various microbial pathogens have been found in ticks such as Ixodes ricinus. However, most studies assessed tick microbiomes without prior decontamination of the tick surface, which may alter the results and mislead conclusions regarding the composition of the tick-borne microbiome. The aim of this study was to test four different decontamination methods, namely (i.) 70% ethanol, (ii.) DNA Away, (iii.) 5% sodium hypochlorite and (iv.) Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL), which have been previously reported for tick surface and animal or human skin decontamination. To test the efficiency of decontamination, we contaminated each tick with a defined mixture of Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, dog saliva and human sweat. No contamination was used as a negative control, and for a positive control, a no decontamination strategy was carried out. After nucleic acid extraction, the recovery rate of contaminants was determined for RNA and DNA samples by qPCR and tick-borne microbiome analyses by bacterial 16S rRNA and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Ticks treated with 5% sodium hypochlorite revealed the lowest number of contaminants followed by DNA Away, RSDL and 70% ethanol. Moreover, tick microbiomes after 5% sodium hypochlorite decontamination clustered with negative controls. Therefore, the efficiency of decontamination was optimal with 5% sodium hypochlorite and is recommended for upcoming studies to address the unbiased detection of tick-borne pathogens.

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Comparison of skin decontamination efficacy of commercial decontamination products following exposure to VX on human skin

Cited by 37 publications

References 27 publications

Hybrid in vitro diffusion cell for simultaneous evaluation of hair and skin decontamination: temporal distribution of chemical contaminants

Hybrid in vitro diffusion cell for simultaneous evaluation of hair and skin decontamination: temporal distribution of chemical contaminants

Diagnostics and treatment of nerve agent poisoning—current status and future developments

Analysis of Tick Surface Decontamination Methods

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