Comparison of sleep deprivation and a low dose of ketamine on sleep and the electroencephalogram in Brown Norway rats

Abstract

SummaryKetamine is known for its antidepressant effects, but the mechanism underlying this effect remains largely unclear. In contrast to most antidepressant drugs, the action of ketamine is rapid, suggesting a different mode of action. A rapid antidepressant effect is also observed following sleep deprivation (SD). In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of a 6‐h SD and acute ketamine treatment on vigilance states, locomotor activity, and electroencephalogram (EEG) power density spectra in Brown Norway rats under constant condition over 2 recording days. After SD and after the initial waking period induced by ketamine, both treatments induced a similar increase in non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and EEG slow‐wave activity (SWA) in NREM sleep. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was reduced immediately after both treatments but was recovered later only after the SD. The effects on the waking EEG differed between the treatments, with a faster theta peak during and after SD, and no change in the waking spectrum after ketamine. In conclusion, SD and ketamine both lead to an acute increment in NREM sleep SWA as well as in a reduction in REM sleep. The results suggest that selective suppression of REM sleep, combined with enhancement of SWA during NREM may be effective in the treatment of depression.

(S)-Ketamine but Not (R)-Ketamine Shows Acute Effects on Depression-Like Behavior and Sleep-Wake Architecture in Rats

“…Earlier it was also shown that racemic ketamine treatment (15, 25, and 50 mg/kg i.p.) increases EEG delta power during NREM sleep in rats ( Feinberg and Campbell, 1993 ; Wang et al, 2023 ). This is similar to our findings with (S)-ketamine.…”