“…Electric drive system is one of the key technologies for EVs, and several types of motors have been investigated in terms of their suitability for traction applications, including permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), induction machine (IM), flux-switching machine (FSM), switched reluctance machine (SRM) and so on (Yang et al, 2015;Kiyota et al, 2014;Liu, 2018). PMSM is considered as the preferred candidate for electrified transportation due to the advantages of high driving efficiency and power density (Zhu et al, 2018;Yuan and Wang, 2012;Zhu et al, 2020). However, the limited NdFeB rare-earth materials in PMSMs restrict their mass production for EVs applications (Urase et al, 2015;Chiba et al, 2015).…”