Comparison of tear proteome in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis patients and controls with respect to pollen season

A Review of Emerging Tear Proteomics Research on the Ocular Surface in Ocular Allergy

“…As shown in Figure 3 , many similarities can be drawn between differential protein expression in ocular allergy and in keratoconus. Namely, there is an apparent overlap of differentially expressed prolactin-induced protein (PIP), lipocalin-1, lysozyme C, zinc alpha 2-glycoprotein and serum albumin between keratoconus and ocular allergy sufferers [ 21 , 47 , 48 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ]. This is perhaps due to eye-rubbing and inflammatory responses occurring in both conditions.…”

“…The antigen–antibody complex forms by binding of allergens to IgE on mast cell surfaces, which triggers mast cell activation and then tryptase is released via degranulation [ 71 ]. A 2018 paper investigating a wide array of protein constituents reported increased concentrations of beta-2 microglobulin, lipocalin-1, ZAG, PIP and secretoglobin family 1D member 1 in ocular allergy sufferers compared to healthy controls [ 51 ]. In contrast, this same study reported that zymogen granule protein 16 homolog B concentrations had decreased alongside Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumours-1 (DMBT-1) protein and the Ig alpha-1 chain C region in ocular allergy sufferers compared to healthy controls [ 51 ].…”

“…A 2018 paper investigating a wide array of protein constituents reported increased concentrations of beta-2 microglobulin, lipocalin-1, ZAG, PIP and secretoglobin family 1D member 1 in ocular allergy sufferers compared to healthy controls [ 51 ]. In contrast, this same study reported that zymogen granule protein 16 homolog B concentrations had decreased alongside Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumours-1 (DMBT-1) protein and the Ig alpha-1 chain C region in ocular allergy sufferers compared to healthy controls [ 51 ]. More recently, a study by Neil et al in 2020 on ocular allergy sufferers reported that concentrations of Ig light chains, IgG and lactoferrin increased, while ZAG, lysozyme C and lipocalin-1 concentrations all decreased in allergy participants compared to healthy controls [ 53 ].…”

“…More research (such as cell culture models) must be done to assess the roles of potential biomarker proteins on the ocular surface in ocular allergy in order to determine how legitimate they may be as candidates for drug targeting and diagnostic testing. Additionally, some studies reported conflicting data pertaining to an increase or decrease in the expression of proteins such as lipocalin-1 and ZAG [ 51 , 53 ]. This may be due to a difference in analysis technique or individual demographics such as age, sex and allergen exposure due to location.…”

Glycomics in tears: seeking for new biomarkers for ocular allergy diagnosis

“…Similarly, Tomasics and co-workers documented significant differences in the proteomic profile in tears between allergic rhinoconjunctivitis patients and healthy controls. 5 Over 60% of proteins, including those present in biological fluids like tears, have long carbohydrate chains known as glycans, which can be harvested from a biological source. The glycome consists of all glycans (or carbohydrates) within a biological system and can modulate a wide range of biological functions, from protein folding to cellular communications.…”