Comparison of temperature and renal tissue thermal damage by holmium laser with different energy parameters during lithotripsy: in vitro porcine kidney model

Abstract

The holmium laser percutaneous nephrolithotripsy was simulated by porcine kidney calculus model in vitro to investigate the thermal damage of renal tissue by holmium laser with different energy parameters. METHODSWe placed human kidney calculus specimen in a fresh vitro porcine kidney, then insert thermocouple temperature probes into the submucosa of the renal pelvis and rewarmed in a 37°C water bath. The renal parenchyma was penetrated with a percutaneous nephrological sheath through moderate irrigation rate of 30 ml/s in 18℃, and the Holmium laser was used to fragment the stone under the nephroscope and record the temperature.