Comparison of the Antibacterial Effects of Photodynamic Therapy and Cold Atmospheric Plasma on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Applications of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy against Bacterial Biofilms

“…PDT has been used in combination with several non-invasive therapeutic approaches with additive and synergistic efficacy and enhancement of outcomes in most studies conducted in vitro, as well as in preclinical and clinical applications [ 71 ]. In this regard, studies and applications have been reported for aPDT in combination with antibiotic chemotherapy [ 72 ] PTT [ 73 ], MHT [ 74 ], CAP [ 75 , 76 ], and endodontic debridement [ 77 ]. Studies and applications have also been reported in combinations using multiple PDT photosensitizers, in what could be termed multiple photosensitizer combination aPDT.…”

“…The comparison of the effects of aPDT with those of CAP on biofilm-forming bacteria and the biofilms they form has been widely studied, in most cases showing very good biofilm and bacterial eradication, comparable to the results obtained from aPDT studies. For example, several research groups compared the relative performance of CAP in the eradication of bacterial biofilms and embedded bacteria with aPDT [ 76 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 ]. The results of these comparative studies showed that although CAP significantly reduced bacterial biofilms and inhibited their formation, the overall relative performance was in par or less than that of aPDT, in line with conclusions made by an earlier comparative review [ 145 ].…”