Comparison of the cycloplegic refractive measurements with handheld, table-mounted refractometers and retinoscopy in children

Abstract

this article is available in open access under Creative Common attribution-Non-Commercial-No derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-Nd 4.0) license, allowing to download articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the publisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially IntroductIonAmblyopia is the most frequent visual disorder in children that can lead to a permanent visual reduction. The most common amblyogenic factors are strabismus, refractive errors, and media opacities.Vision screening, early detection, and treatment of amblyogenic factors can prevent amblyopia and visual impairment [1][2][3][4][5][6]. The timely identification of significant refractive errors in children is therefore essential but can be challenging. Handheld auto-