Comparison of the drift potential of two application methods for the control of oak processionary moths with biocidal products in an oak avenue

Reducing pesticide spraying drift by folate/Zn2+ supramolecular hydrogels

“…This refers to the downwind movement of pesticide spray droplets beyond the scheduled spray area during application or within a period after application 5 . Spray drift not only reduces the effective utilization of pesticides, but more importantly, may cause harm to people, non‐target organisms, soil and aquatic ecosystems 6–9 . Compared with insecticides and fungicides, herbicide drift is more likely to seriously affect the yield of surrounding crops or even cause crop losses 10,11 .…”

“…5 Spray drift not only reduces the effective utilization of pesticides, but more importantly, may cause harm to people, non-target organisms, soil and aquatic ecosystems. [6][7][8][9] Compared with insecticides and fungicides, herbicide drift is more likely to seriously affect the yield of surrounding crops or even cause crop losses. 10,11 Everett and Keeling's work 12 on the effects of 2,4-D and dicamba spraying and migration on the growth and yield of cotton during the nutritional and reproductive growth stages, showed that cotton was vulnerable to damage from 2,4-D amine and dicamba.…”

The effectiveness of ground‐based applications of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki for controlling oak processionary moth Thaumetopoea processionea (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae)

“…The information from the surveys is used to guide the programme of nest removals, which starts as soon as the surveys have been completed, and to identify oak trees that require insecticide treatment in the following spring. All the insecticide treatments in Richmond Park have been applied from the ground using vehicle-mounted mist blowers (= canon sprayer, Langkamp-Wedde, Rautmann, von Hörsten, & Wegener, 2020). Although apparently very effective, results at times have been variable, due in part to adverse weather at the time of application or immediately after the trees were treated, but also because of problems with access, differences in the equipment used by contractors, the number of applications, and potentially whether the insecticide can be delivered to the tops of the tallest trees.…”

Droplet deposition and pest control efficacy on pine trees from aerial application

“…For the control of KPCP, pesticide application is achieved mostly through manual and ground mechanical spraying in the Changbai Mountains area. However, as a consequence of the tall trees and complex terrain, it is difficult and the effect is poor 26,27 . Previous Korean studies on the aerial application of insecticides to KP focused more on the effects of insecticides on ant communities and arthropods in the forest rather than the trees themselves 28,29 …”

“…However, as a consequence of the tall trees and complex terrain, it is difficult and the effect is poor. 26,27 Previous Korean studies on the aerial application of insecticides to KP focused more on the effects of insecticides on ant communities and arthropods in the forest rather than the trees themselves. 28,29 In general, many studies have been done on biodiversity conservation, agent characteristics and biological variability (pest control effectiveness), while paying less attention to the spraying equipment performance and droplet deposition in pine forests.…”