Comparison of the Effect of High-Intensity Laser Therapy (HILT) on Skin Surface Temperature and Vein Diameter in Pigmented and Non-Pigmented Skin in Healthy Racehorses

Zielińska, Paulina; Soroko, Maria; Howell, Kevin; Godlewska, Maria; Hildebrand, W.; Dudek, Krzysztof

doi:10.3390/ani11071965

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…There have been several recent animal studies that have investigated thermal effects associated at a single wavelength, as well those experienced with dual wavelength approaches to PBMT. Zielinska et al investigated high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) in healthy pigmented and non-pigmented horses, with experiments performed on shaved fur measuring temperature rises, and vein diameters using a surface thermal camera and ultrasound [ 71 ]. A 5 cm 2 probe in scanning mode was applied with an 808 nm laser source set at an average power of 4 W, with 2 kHz applied to an area of 26 cm 2 over 203 s, a process delivering a total of 650 Joules.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photothermal Effects of High-Energy Photobiomodulation Therapies: An In Vitro Investigation

et al. 2023

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The purpose of this study was to investigate photothermal aspects of photobiomodulation therapies (PBMT) in vitro to assist in the development of safe clinical parameters with respect to higher-power devices with large surface applicators. Laser wavelengths in the range of 650 nm–1064 nm were investigated using a thermal camera. Thermographic measures of surface and sub-surface temperature variations of similar lean porcine muscle tissue samples were recorded for a series of calibrated experiments. A thermal comparison was then made between Flat-top and Gaussian beam spatial distribution devices. Outcome data were subjected to statistical analysis using an ANOVA model. Results acquired at similar parameters of irradiance indicated that the application of the 980 nm wavelength was associated with the highest rise in temperature, which decreased with other wavelengths in the order 980 > 1064 ≈ 650 >>> 810 nm (p < 5 × 10−20). All wavelengths assessed were associated with a significant temperature increase, and with the exception of 810 nm, all exceeded the threshold of a 6 °C rise within the prescribed parameter limits. Optical scanning by movement of the applied source over a relevant area was found to offer effective mitigation of these temperature increases. An extended discussion is presented, analysing the clinical significance of the study outcomes. Recommendations are made within the limits of this in vitro study in order to assist future clinical investigations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photothermal Effects of High-Energy Photobiomodulation Therapies: An In Vitro Investigation

et al. 2023

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“…In the search to aid the repair of defects, GaAIAs laser photobiomodulation therapy has been indicated as an adjunct to the surgical technique because it is able to reach deeper tissues because of malabsorption by water and skin pigments [ 40 , 41 ]. In this study, the therapy started after the surgical procedure because it is believed that a laser exerts better results in the initial phase of repair, since research in the area has a preference for postoperative transcutaneous irradiation for increasing angiogenesis, gene expression, and proteins intrinsically related to the bone repair process [ 42 , 43 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Photobiomodulation Combined with Fibrin Sealant and Bone Substitute Improving the Bone Repair of Critical Defects

et al. 2022

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In this preclinical protocol, an adjunct method is used in an attempt to overcome the limitations of conventional therapeutic approaches applied to bone repair of large bone defects filled with scaffolds. Thus, we evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on the bone repair process on defects filled with demineralized bovine bone (B) and fibrin sealant (T). The groups were BC (blood clot), BT (B + T), BCP (BC + PBMT), and BTP (B + T + PBMT). Microtomographically, BC and BCP presented a hypodense cavity with hyperdense regions adjacent to the border of the wound, with a slight increase at 42 days. BT and BTP presented discrete hyperdensing areas at the border and around the B particles. Quantitatively, BCP and BTP (16.96 ± 4.38; 17.37 ± 4.38) showed higher mean bone density volume in relation to BC and BT (14.42 ± 3.66; 13.44 ± 3.88). Histologically, BC and BCP presented deposition of immature bone at the periphery and at 42 days new bone tissue became lamellar with organized total collagen fibers. BT and BTP showed inflammatory infiltrate along the particles, but at 42 days, it was resolved, mainly in BTP. In the birefringence analysis, BT and BTP, the percentage of red birefringence increased (9.14% to 20.98% and 7.21% to 27.57%, respectively), but green birefringence was similar in relation to 14 days (3.3% to 3.5% and 3.5% to 4.2%, respectively). The number of osteocytes in the neoformed bone matrix proportionally reduced in all evaluated groups. Immunostaining of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP—2/4), osteocalcin (OCN), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were higher in BCP and BTP when compared to the BC and BT groups (p < 0.05). An increased number of TRAP positive cells (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase) was observed in BT and BTP. We conclude that PBMT positively influenced the repair of bone defects filled with B and T.

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“…Generally, four types of temperature sensor equipment are employed in thermoregulation research: thermometers, thermistors, thermocouples, and infrared thermography (IRT) devices. Of these, IRT has received the most extensive attention in recent equine studies and is commonly used remotely (non-contact temperature sensor) [ 22 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ]. Digital temperature sensors may include technology that comprises a logger consisting of a temperature sensor in a stainless-steel computer chip with an enclosed battery [ 57 ].…”

Section: Skin Temperature Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoregulation during Field Exercise in Horses Using Skin Temperature Monitoring

Verdegaal,

Howarth,

McWhorter

et al. 2023

Animals

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Hyperthermia and exertional heat illness (EHI) are performance and welfare issues for all exercising horses. Monitoring the thermoregulatory response allows for early recognition of metabolic heat accumulation during exercise and the possibility of taking prompt and effective preventative measures to avoid a further increase in core body temperature (Tc) leading to hyperthermia. Skin temperature (Tsk) monitoring is most used as a non-invasive tool to assess the thermoregulatory response pre- and post-exercise, particularly employing infrared thermographic equipment. However, only a few studies have used thermography to monitor skin temperature continuously during exercise. This commentary provides an overview of studies investigating surface skin temperature mainly by infrared thermography (IRT) during exercise. The scientific evidence, including methodologies, applications, and challenges associated with (continuous) skin temperature monitoring in horses during field exercise, is discussed. The commentary highlights that, while monitoring Tsk is straightforward, continuous Tsk alone does not always reliably estimate Tc evolvement during field exercise. In addition, inter-individual differences in thermoregulation need to be recognized and accounted for to optimize individual wellbeing. With the ongoing development and application of advanced wearable monitoring technology, there may be future advances in equipment and modeling for timely intervention with horses at hyperthermic risk to improve their welfare. However, at this point, infrared thermographic assessment of Tsk should always be used in conjunction with other clinical assessments and veterinary examinations for a reliable monitoring of the welfare of the horse.

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Comparison of the Effect of High-Intensity Laser Therapy (HILT) on Skin Surface Temperature and Vein Diameter in Pigmented and Non-Pigmented Skin in Healthy Racehorses

Cited by 11 publications

References 38 publications

Photothermal Effects of High-Energy Photobiomodulation Therapies: An In Vitro Investigation

Photothermal Effects of High-Energy Photobiomodulation Therapies: An In Vitro Investigation

Use of Photobiomodulation Combined with Fibrin Sealant and Bone Substitute Improving the Bone Repair of Critical Defects

Thermoregulation during Field Exercise in Horses Using Skin Temperature Monitoring

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