Comparison of the effectiveness and side‐effects of tolterodine and oxybutynin in children with detrusor instability

Sodium benzoate (SB) is a widely used preservative and antimicrobial substance in many foods and soft drinks. However, this compound is generally recognized as safe food additives, but evidence has suggested that a high intake of SB may link to attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in children. Present study investigate the effects of oral administration of different concentrations of SB (0.56, 1.125, and 2.25 mg/mL) for 4 weeks, on the learning and memory performance tests, and also the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in the mouse brain. The results showed that SB significantly impaired memory and motor coordination. Moreover, SB decreased reduced GSH and increased the MDA level in the brain significantly (P < 0.001). However, nonsignificant alteration was observed in the AChE activity. These findings suggest that short-term consumption of SB can impair memory performance and increased brain oxidative stress in mice.

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“…Previous studies have suggested that SB consumption may contribute to ADHD symptoms and childhood hyperactivity …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of sodium benzoate, a commonly used food preservative, on learning, memory, and oxidative stress in brain of mice

Khoshnoud

Siavashpour

Bakhshizadeh

et al. 2017

J Biochem & Molecular Tox

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“…reported oral administration of SB for four weeks induced anxiety and motor impairment in rats ( 38 ). Furthermore, human studies in the context of the effects of SB suggested that high intake of SB may be associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and hyperactivity in children, but this needs to be further investigated ( 39 40 41 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The protective effect of sodium benzoate on aluminum toxicity in PC12 cell line

et al. 2017

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Sodium benzoate (SB) is one of the food additives and preservatives that prevent the growth of fungi and bacteria. SB has been shown to improve the symptoms of neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of SB on the cell survival and cellular antioxidant indices after exposure to aluminum maltolate (Almal) in PC12 cell line as a model of neurotoxicity. The cells exposed to different concentrations of SB (0.125 to 3 mg/mL) in the presence of Almal (500 µM) and cell viability, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione content and catalase activity were measured. The results showed that low concentrations of SB caused an increase in the cell survival, but cell viability was reduced in high concentrations. SB could neither prevent the level of ROS production nor change glutathione content. SB (0.5 mg/mL) significantly increased the catalase enzyme activity as compared to the Almal. This study suggested that SB did not completely protect the cell to aluminum-induced free radicals toxicity. Possibly SB improves the symptoms of neurodegenerative disease by other mechanisms.

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“…A recent study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of oxybutynin IR and tolterodine IR in 60 children with DO showed similar efficacy but significantly fewer total AEs in children treated with tolterodine IR (13 vs 27 AEs). Eight children (27%) who were initially randomized to oxybutynin IR treatment crossed over to tolterodine IR because of AEs [197]. In a combined analysis of two placebo‐controlled studies of tolterodine ER in children aged 5–10 years with incontinence suggestive of DO, changes in incontinence episodes per week, micturitions per 24 h, and urine volume per micturition with active treatment did not differ significantly from placebo.…”

Section: Tolerability and Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscarinic receptor antagonists for overactive bladder

2007

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From time to time we publish a full review of drugs that are available for the treatment of common conditions. In this issue, the review is written by two of the leading authorities in the world, Paul Abrams and Karl‐Erik Andersson, on the topic of overactive bladder and antimuscarinic agents. This in‐depth review covers the entire range of questions that might be asked about this common area of interest. Overactive bladder (OAB) is a syndrome characterized by urinary urgency, with or without urgency urinary incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia. OAB symptoms are often associated with detrusor overactivity (DO). Like OAB symptoms, the prevalence of DO increases with age and can have a neurogenic and/or myogenic aetiology. Bladder outlet obstruction can be a contributing factor in DO, possibly through cholinergic denervation of the detrusor and supersensitivity of muscarinic receptors to acetylcholine, although the prevalence of OAB is similar in men and women across age groups. Acetylcholine is the primary contractile neurotransmitter in the human detrusor, and antimuscarinics exert their effects on OAB/DO by inhibiting the binding of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors M2 and M3 on detrusor smooth muscle cells and other structures within the bladder wall. Worldwide, there are six antimuscarinic drugs currently marketed for the treatment of OAB: oxybutynin, tolterodine, propiverine, trospium, darifenacin, and solifenacin. Each has demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of OAB symptoms, but their pharmacokinetic and adverse event profiles differ somewhat due to structural differences (tertiary vs quaternary amines), muscarinic receptor subtype selectivities, and organ selectivities. Antimuscarinics are generally well tolerated, even in special populations (e.g. men with bladder outlet obstruction, elderly patients, children). The most frequently reported adverse events in clinical studies of antimuscarinics are dry mouth, constipation, headache, and blurred vision; few patients withdraw from clinical trials because of adverse events. Development of an antimuscarinic with functional selectivity for the bladder would reduce the occurrence of antimuscarinic adverse events. The therapeutic potential of several other agents, such as α3‐adrenoceptor agonists, purinergic receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonists, opioids, and Rho‐kinase inhibitors, is also under investigation for the treatment of OAB.

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Comparison of the effectiveness and side‐effects of tolterodine and oxybutynin in children with detrusor instability

Cited by 41 publications

References 14 publications

Effects of sodium benzoate, a commonly used food preservative, on learning, memory, and oxidative stress in brain of mice

Effects of sodium benzoate, a commonly used food preservative, on learning, memory, and oxidative stress in brain of mice

The protective effect of sodium benzoate on aluminum toxicity in PC12 cell line

Muscarinic receptor antagonists for overactive bladder

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