Comparison of the effectiveness of chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy and chemotherapy alone in advanced biliary tract cancer and construction of the nomogram for survival prediction based on the inflammatory index and controlling nutritional status score

Abstract

Objective To analyze the effectiveness of combining immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with first-line therapy in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC) and explore the biomarkers affecting the prognosis of immunotherapy, to construct a nomogram for the prediction of survival. Methods A retrospective study was conducted to include a total of 209 patients with advanced BTC treated in the first line from 2018 to 2022, divided into a combination therapy group (n = 129) and a chemotherapy-only group (n = 80) according to whether ICIs were applied in combination. Univariate and multifactorial COX regression analyses were performed on variables that may affect prognosis to identify independent influences on patient prognosis, and this was used to create nomograms, which were then prospectively validated and calibrated. Results The median progression-free survival (mPFS) and median overall survival (mOS) of patients in the combination therapy group were higher than those in the chemotherapy alone group [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.152, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.7848–1.692, p = 0.0004, and HR = 1.067, 95% CI: 0.7474–1.524, p = 0.0016]. The objective response rate (ORR) of patients in the combination therapy and chemotherapy alone groups was 39.5% (51/129) vs. 27.5% (22/80), and the disease control rate (DCR) between the two groups was 89.9% (116/129) vs. 83.8% (67/80). Univariate analysis revealed the gender, presence of long-term tobacco and alcohol, degree of histological differentiation, serum albumin level, presence of liver metastases, presence of multi-visceral metastases, response, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), glycoprotein antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), systemic inflammatory index (SII), and controlling nutritional status (CONUT) scores were statistically significant with patient prognosis (all P values < 0.05). Multi-factor COX regression analysis was continued for the above variables, and the results showed that NLR, MLR, PLR, SII, and CONUT scores were independent influences on patients’ OS (all p values < 0.05). A nomogram (C-index 0.77, 95% CI: 0.71–0.84) was created based on these independent influences and later validated using a validation cohort (C-index 0.75, 95% CI: 0.68–0.81). The time-dependent receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) showed that the area under curve (AUC) of the training cohort patients at 12, 18, and 24 months was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.63–0.81), 0.75 (95% CI: 0.67–0.85), and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.66–0.87) and the AUC of the validation cohort was 0.69 (95% CI: 0.58–0.79), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.65–0.87), and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.64–0.89), respectively. Finally, calibration was performed using calibration curves, and the results showed that nomograms based on inflammatory metrics and CONUT scores could be used to assess survival (12, 18, and 24 months) in patients with advanced BTC treated with ICIs in the first line. Conclusion Patients with advanced BTC benefit more from first-line treatment with standard chemotherapy in combination with ICIs than with chemotherapy alone. In addition, nomograms based on inflammatory metrics and CONUT scores can be used to predict survival at 12, 18, and 24 months in patients with advanced BTC treated with ICIs.

NGEF is a potential prognostic biomarker and could serve as an indicator for immunotherapy and chemotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma

“…Besides, four chemotherapeutic drugs were more sensitive in the high-NGEF expression group. Cancer patients may benefit more from immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy compared with single immunotherapy or chemotherapy [ 69 , 70 ], such as nivolumab plus ipilimumab with chemotherapy [ 71 ] and nivolumab plus chemotherapy [ 72 , 73 ]. Thus, a better therapeutic strategy for high-NGEF expression group may be an immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy.…”