Comparison of the Effects of Goat Dairy and Cow Dairy Based Breakfasts on Satiety, Appetite Hormones, and Metabolic Profile

Abstract

The satiating effects of cow dairy have been thoroughly investigated; however, the effects of goat dairy on appetite have not been reported so far. Our study investigates the satiating effect of two breakfasts based on goat or cow dairy and their association with appetite related hormones and metabolic profile. Healthy adults consumed two breakfasts based on goat (G-Breakfast) or cow (C-Breakfast) dairy products. Blood samples were taken and VAS tests were performed at different time points. Blood metabolites were measured and Combined Satiety Index (CSI) and areas under the curves (AUC) were calculated. Desire to eat rating was significantly lower (breakfast & time interaction p < 0.01) and hunger rating tended to be lower (breakfast & time interaction p = 0.06) after the G-breakfast. None of the blood parameters studied were different between breakfasts; however, AUCGLP-1 was inversely associated with the AUChunger and AUCdesire-to-eat after the G-Breakfast, whereas triglyceride levels were directly associated with AUCCSI after the C-Breakfast. Our results suggest a slightly higher satiating effect of goat dairy when compared to cow dairy products, and pointed to a potential association of GLP-1 and triglyceride levels with the mechanisms by which dairy products might affect satiety after the G-Breakfast and C-Breakfast, respectively.

Digestive Responses to Fortified Cow or Goat Dairy Drinks: A Randomised Controlled Trial

“…The digestive responses of gastric emptying rates (paracetamol recovery) and gastrointestinal transit (breath hydrogen) following ingestion of the whole protein fortified milks (goat and cow) were very similar. Whole goat and cow fortified milk also elicited similar satiety scores and appetite hormone levels; this aligns with reports of similarities between goat and cow dairy by others [ 39 ]. Although the increasing breath hydrogen after whole protein formulas may be expected to correlate with increasing digestive discomfort (i.e., bloating or flatulence), this was not the case.…”

“…This has been extended to demonstrate similarity in the composition of the gut microbiota [ 63 ]. The current study builds on recent comparisons of digestive responses to goat and cow dairy meals in humans [ 39 ], and provides the first evidence in humans of a comparable digestive and metabolic response to fortified milk drinks manufactured from whole goat and cow milk.…”

The Metabolic Concept of Meal Sequence vs. Satiety: Glycemic and Oxidative Responses with Reference to Inflammation Risk, Protective Principles and Mediterranean Diet

“…Whey protein, compared to casein, was associated with more rapid gastric emptying and a postprandial increase in plasma amino acid concentrations [97], whereas casein-derived peptides (casomorphins) reduced gastrointestinal motility and postprandial increase of plasma amino acids, which blunted their satiating effect [98,99,100]. Goat dairy showed a slightly higher satiating effect than cow dairy products [101]. Increased faecal fat and energy excretion following dairy calcium and protein intake may further explain why dairy products support weight loss [102].…”

Compositional and functional characteristics of goat milk and relevance as a base for infant formula

“…In a study investigating satiating effects of goat milk in adults, Rubio‐Martín et al. (2017) found the desire‐to‐eat rating was significantly lower and hunger rating tended to be lower after a breakfast with goat milk, suggesting a slightly higher satiating effect compared to cow milk. However, Milan et al.…”