Comparison of the Electrodialysis Performance in Tartrate Stabilization of a Red Wine Using Aliphatic and Aromatic Commercial and Modified Ion-Exchange Membranes

Abstract

The application of electrodialysis for tartrate stabilization and reagent-free acidity correction of wine and juices is attracting increasing interest. New aliphatic membranes CJMC-3 and CJMA-3 and aromatic membranes CSE and ASE were tested to determine their suitability for use in these electrodialysis processes and to evaluate the fouling of these membranes by wine components for a short (6–8 h) operating time. Using IR spectroscopy, optical indication and measurement of surface contact angles, the chemical composition of the studied membranes, as well as some details about their fouling by wine components, was clarified. The current–voltage charsacteristics, conductivity and water-splitting capacity of the membranes before and after electrodialysis were analyzed. We found that in the case of cation-exchange membranes, complexes of anthocyanins with metal ions penetrate into the bulk (CJMC-3) or are localized on the surface (CSE), depending on the degree of crosslinking of the polymer matrix. Adsorption of wine components by the surface of anion-exchange membranes CJMA-3 and ASE causes an increase in water splitting. Despite fouling under identical conditions of electrodialysis, membrane pair CJMC-3 and CJMA-3 provided 18 ± 1 tartrate recovery with 31 · 10−3 energy consumption, whereas CSE and ASE provided 20 ± 1% tartrate recovery with an energy consumption of 28 · 10−3 Wh, in addition to reducing the conductivity of wine by 20 ± 1%. The casting of aliphatic polyelectrolyte films on the surface of aromatic membranes reduces fouling with a relatively small increase in energy consumption and approximately the same degree of tartrate recovery compared to pristine CSE and ASE.

How Chemical Nature of Fixed Groups of Anion-Exchange Membranes Affects the Performance of Electrodialysis of Phosphate-Containing Solutions?

“…The most significant acidification of the solution occurs in the case of the CJMA-6 membrane, which contains a significant proportion of weakly basic fixed amino groups ( Section 3.1 ). These groups are actively involved in proton transfer reactions, contributing to water splitting [ 86 , 87 , 89 ].…”

“…In the case of Na x H (3−x) PO 4 solutions, H + /OH − ions are generated by two mechanisms. Water splitting does not differ from that in solutions of strong electrolytes, i.e., it becomes essential at i > i lim Lev and occurs with the participation of the fixed groups [ 86 , 87 , 89 , 93 ]. One more mechanism, which we call “acid dissociation” for brevity [ 54 , 93 ], takes place if the solution contains species capable of dissociating with the release of protons ( Figure 5 ).…”

Identification of Fouling Occurring during Coupled Electrodialysis and Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis Treatment for Tofu Whey Protein Recovery

“…By comparing them, changes in the spectra of the tofu whey side of the AEM were observed. Indeed, new peaks were observed around 1010 cm −1 , 1050 cm −1 and 1190 cm −1 , which could be associated with the stretching vibration of the C-OH, C-O bonds and COOH group of phenol [17,49,50]. Therefore, this could indicate the adsorption of a phenolic compound from the tofu whey solution on the membrane interface in contact with the tofu whey.…”

“…To the best of our knowledge, no work has been carried out on isoflavone fouling or reported membrane fouling by isoflavones. However, there are many articles in the literature on the fouling of CEMs and AEMs by other polyphenols, such as anthocyanins, PACs and phenolic acids [12,16,17,23,49,56,57]. These studies established that the possible interactions between the IEMs (CEM and AEM) and these polyphenols are electrostatic interactions between fixed groups of the membrane and polyphenolic ions, hydrophobic-hydrophobic π-π stacking interactions between aromatic rings of polyphenols and the IEM material containing aromatic rings, and hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl or carboxyl groups of polyphenols and oxygen of fixed groups or hydrogen of the aliphatic chains of membranes [17,23,58].…”

Phosphates Transfer in Pristine and Modified CJMA-2 Membrane during Electrodialysis Processing of NaxH(3−x)PO4 Solutions with pH from 4.5 to 9.9

“…Table S1: The values of pK a (at 25 °C) of the orthophosphoric acid various species, which may be present in the membrane systems under study; Table S2: The rate constants of proton-transfer reactions (5)–(10) for the weak acids under study; Table S3: Some of the characteristics of the studied electrolytes, which are used to calculate the limiting currents; Table S4: The found values of the Leveque limiting current densities for 0.02 M Na x H (3-x) PO 4 solutions under study; Table S5: Some characteristics of the studied membranes. References [ 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 ] are cited in the Supplementary Materials.…”