Comparison of the growth of lithium filaments and dendrites under different conditions

Steiger, Jens; Richter, Gunther; Wenk, Moritz; Kramer, Dominik; Mönig, Reiner

doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2014.11.002

Cited by 114 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Alternative models consider the limiting current to be determined by slower Li + diffusion through the SEI such that defects in the SEI provide a higher Li + flux and initiate dendrites. 8 In light of our results, we believe the SEI's composition, 46 heterogeneity, 47 role in modifying interfacial energies, 48 and Li + surface transport properties 49 are critical components to include in dendrite initiation models.…”

Section: Acs Nanomentioning

confidence: 96%

Lithium Electrodeposition Dynamics in Aprotic Electrolyte Observed in Situ via Transmission Electron Microscopy

et al. 2015

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Electrodeposited metallic lithium is an ideal negative battery electrode, but nonuniform microstructure evolution during cycling leads to degradation and safety issues. A better understanding of the Li plating and stripping processes is needed to enable practical Li-metal batteries. Here we use a custom microfabricated, sealed liquid cell for in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to image the first few cycles of lithium electrodeposition/dissolution in liquid aprotic electrolyte at submicron resolution. Cycling at current densities from 1 to 25 mA/cm(2) leads to variations in grain structure, with higher current densities giving a more needle-like, higher surface area deposit. The effect of the electron beam was explored, and it was found that, even with minimal beam exposure, beam-induced surface film formation could alter the Li microstructure. The electrochemical dissolution was seen to initiate from isolated points on grains rather than uniformly across the Li surface, due to the stabilizing solid electrolyte interphase surface film. We discuss the implications for operando STEM liquid-cell imaging and Li-battery applications.

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Section: Acs Nanomentioning

confidence: 96%

Lithium Electrodeposition Dynamics in Aprotic Electrolyte Observed in Situ via Transmission Electron Microscopy

et al. 2015

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“…In both cases, the lithium filament growth is supposed to start at kinks by insertion. It was shown that the needle growth is an inherent tendency of the lithium metal and is not depending on the deposition technique or the composition of the surface electrolyte interface (SEI) . The three‐dimensional bush growth is claimed to be controlled by the structure of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, there are two main goals. Firstly, the reduction of the mobility of lithium ions, which could prevent the formation of dendritic precursors, or secondly, the influence of the SEI on further dendrite growth . Extensive research regarding the effect of the electrolyte composition in order to suppress dendrite growth and to improve safety have been performed.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium Deposition from a Piperidinium–based Ionic Liquid: Rapping Dendrites on the Knuckles

2016

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Using cyclic voltammetry (CV), in‐situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) the initial stages of lithium deposition on Au(111) from a solution of lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide in the commercially available ionic liquid 1‐methyl‐1‐propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (MPPipTFSI) were investigated. We could identify three distinct cathodic peaks in the potential range from 0 to −2.5 V (vs. Pt quasi‐reference electrode), corresponding to different lithium deposition modes. While in the potential region of the under‐potential deposition (UPD) (−1.2 to −1.8 V) the growth of monoatomic high islands (300–370 pm) takes place, Li bulk deposition occurs at potentials <−2.3 V. Finally, the third peak at 0 V, which only appears after a previous bulk deposition, is connected to a strand‐like growth of lithium at (111) terraces with a uniform orientation over the whole substrate. Interestingly, once reaching a step‐edge, the one‐dimensional growth continues into the electrolyte, indicating the initial stages of Li dendrite formation.

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“…[25] Another proposed mechanism is analogous to the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism of whisker growth. [26] This mechanism suggests that chemical impurities within the SEI may act as catalysts for lithium electrodeposition, leading to whisker-like growth. Yamaki [27] investigated dendrite growth on the microscopic scale and proposed an extrusion mechanism.…”

Section: Electromigration In Lithium Whisker Formation Plays Insignifmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[23] Also, amount and size of critical nuclei formed on the substrate may have a crucial role in generating inhomogeneities. [26] This mechanism suggests that chemical impurities within the SEI may act as catalysts for lithium electrodeposition, leading to whisker-like growth. Table 1 summarizes a number of potential origins for that suggested over the previous years.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromigration in Lithium Whisker Formation Plays Insignificant Role during Electroplating

et al. 2019

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Alexey A. Rulev, [a, b] Artem V. Sergeev, [a, c] Lada V. Yashina, [a] Timo Jacob, [d, e, f] and Daniil M. Itkis* [a] Plating of metallic Li results in deposition of needle-like structures, whose prevention is a fundamental challenge that currently restricts the development and application of high energy Li-metal rechargeable batteries. Over the last decades, a number of mechanisms were proposed to explain morphological instabilities of planar crystallization fronts. The suggested reasons for non-uniform deposition include Li + concentration gradients in the nutrient phase, accelerated electromigration to the tip of the growing needle, specific nucleation behavior, mechanical properties of the solid-electrolyte interphase, and many more. Here, we unravel the role of electromigration currents by adding indifferent cations (TBA + , TEA + ) to screen for non-uniform electric fields, thus, suppressing migrationdriven mass-transfer. Nearly full exclusion of electromigration currents showed no impact on the morphology of electrodeposited lithium. Therefore, the role of electromigration seems negligible, and electric field edge effects are undoubtedly not the main driving force for filament growth during Li plating.Today, lithium-ion batteries are the most wide-spread portable electrochemical energy storage devices. Often referred to as "rocking chair" battery, typical lithium-ion cell operation is enabled by movement of lithium ions from the negative (anode) to the positive electrode (cathode), while the reverse process occurs during charging. [1] [a] A. A. Rulev, Dr. A. V. Sergeev, Dr. glovebox with less than 0.1 ppm H 2 O and O 2 concentrations. The electrochemical measurements were performed with a BioLogic SAS SP-300 potentiostat/galvanostat.

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Comparison of the growth of lithium filaments and dendrites under different conditions

Cited by 114 publications

References 18 publications

Lithium Electrodeposition Dynamics in Aprotic Electrolyte Observed in Situ via Transmission Electron Microscopy

Lithium Electrodeposition Dynamics in Aprotic Electrolyte Observed in Situ via Transmission Electron Microscopy

Lithium Deposition from a Piperidinium–based Ionic Liquid: Rapping Dendrites on the Knuckles

Electromigration in Lithium Whisker Formation Plays Insignificant Role during Electroplating

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