Comparison of the holiday tourism constraints of mono- and bicultural people

Abstract

Purpose This study aims to investigate whether the three-dimensional leisure constraints model which is adapted to holiday tourism shows the same structure for mono- and bicultural people and perceptions of these groups differ from each other. Design/methodology/approach Separate surveys are conducted on Turkish people who are resident in Turkey, representing the mono-cultural structure, and Turkish people who live in Germany, representing the bicultural structure. The model is tested by factor analysis for each group, whereas perception differences on holiday tourism constraints are compared with t-tests. Findings The analysis results showed that the factorial structure of the leisure constraints model is not the same in the holiday tourism context. Hence, new constraints dimensions were obtained in each case. A comparison of the holiday tourism constraints also showed that the perceptions of the mono- and bicultural people were significantly different from each other. Originality/value The current study has contributions to the literature in terms of examining the holiday tourism constraints by using the adapted version of the leisure constraints model. Moreover, targeting Turkish people who live in Turkey and Germany, as the study samples, indicates a unique representation of mono- and bicultural structures.

Low-Carbon Travel Motivation and Constraint: Scales Development and Validation

“…These include essential natural tourism [40] and cruise tourism [14]. Adopting factor analysis, many travel scholars have confirmed this three-dimensional leisure constraint framework to be effective and reliable [41].…”

“…Tourism research has determined a lack of friends as the primary interpersonal constraint [40,41]. However, only a few studies have mentioned the interpersonal constraint of lack of friends in the low-carbon travel context.…”

Assessment of tourists perceived without travel risks and intention to visit night market aftermath the COVID-19 pandemic: An empirical approach

“…It is involved a high degree of uncertainty if the risks perceptions toward a destination are caused by unfavourable events (Aziz, Long, Murad, 2021). Certain previous studies showed that how perceived travel risk can influence tourists' decision-making process, such as Lai, Li and Harrill (2013) indicated that time, distance, security, visa acquisition, and money are risk components influence Chinese tourists to visit the US and Davras, Caber and Crawford (2018) stated that tourists' psychological attributes are important predictors of structural constraints in a tourism context. Nevertheless, Aziz, Long and Murad (2021) indicated that such components of risks are unable and unstable to predict tourists' performance to visit a destination due to the fact that those attributes may change over time.…”

“…Therefore, tourists' willingness to travel or participate in a leisure activity decreases when there is an absence of companions (Aziz, Long, Murad, 2021). Nevertheless, this type of risk may not be influential if a leisure activity could be performed without any partners (Davras, Caber, Crawford, 2018). Considering SN refers to tourists' perceived social pressure and opinions from significant others (e.g., close-friends, family members, relatives, colleagues, etc.…”

“…A zatem gotowość turystów do podróżowania lub uczestnictwa w różnych formach aktywności w czasie wolnym zmniejsza się w przypadku braku towarzystwa (Aziz, Long, Murad, 2021). Niemniej jednak ten rodzaj ryzyka może pozostawać bez wpływu na plany, jeżeli dana aktywność może być wykonywana bez współtowarzyszy (Davras, Caber, Crawford, 2018). Z uwagi na to, że subiektywne normy odnoszą się do postrzeganej przez turystów presji społecznej i opinii ze strony ważnych dla nich osób (np.…”