Comparison of the Knowledge and Practices in Medicine Dispensing between Retail Medicine Shops and Model Pharmacies in Dhaka Metropolis

Begum, Mst. Marium; Rivu, Sanzana Fareen; Iqbal, Md. Ziauddin; Tabassum, Nuzhat; Nurnahar,; Uddin, Md. Sahab; Moni, Md. Marufur Rahman; Hasan, Md. Mahmud Al; Rahman, Md. Sohanur

doi:10.1155/2021/6633178

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Our study has further confirmed from observation that the trained Grade C pharmacists had better medicine dispensing practices, correct labeling of medicines and less frequent dispensing of medicines without prescription than the non-trained Grade C pharmacists, which are similar to the previous studies in Tanzania and Bangladesh indicating that training is a very important tool for improving knowledge of correct dispensing of medicines by Grade C pharmacists in Bangladesh ( Valimba et al, 2014 ; Chowdhury et al, 2018 ; Begum et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Both Grade A and Grade B pharmacists are eligible for obtaining pharmacy license and opening medicine shops ( PCB, 2023a ). However, due to shortage of qualified Grade A and Grade B pharmacists, the government has introduced a new cadre of pharmacy professionals known as Grade C pharmacists who required to have a Secondary School Certificate (10 years of schooling) and a “Grade C pharmacist certificate” by completing a 3-month training course jointly conducted by the Pharmacy Council of Bangladesh (PCB) and Bangladesh Chemist and Druggist Samity (BCDS) (an organization of drug dispensers) in order to become eligible for applying to the Directorate General of Drug Administration (DGDA) for a pharmacy license ( Mazid and Rashid, 2011 ; Bates et al, 2016 ; DGDA, 2016 ; Begum et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to DGDA, there are 106,919 licensed retail medicine shops in Bangladesh and a similar number of unlicensed retail medicine shops are located countrywide ( DGDA, 2017 ). The licensed retail medicine shops are generally located in marketplaces run by Grade C pharmacists who are authorized to dispense both over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medicines ( Begum et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the impact of good pharmacy practices training among drug dispensers in Bangladesh

Ali,

Chakma,

Islam

et al. 2023

Front. Pharmacol.

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Background: Training improves dispensing behavior of drug dispensers in low- and middle-income countries. Between 2018 and 2020, a total of 5,059 Grade C pharmacists, who completed a 3-month training course for availing a “Grade C pharmacist certificate” were trained on Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) in 11 districts in Bangladesh by Management Sciences for Health (MSH) under Better Health in Bangladesh (BHB) project. We assessed the impact of GPP among trained Grade C pharmacists under the BHB project compared to those who did not receive GPP training under the BHB project (non-trained), and explored the major challenges towards achieving GPP.Methods: We created a database of trained Grade C pharmacists provided by MSH and randomly selected the trained Grade C pharmacists for recruitment following consent. We created another database of the non-trained Grade C pharmacist who were deployed within a 1-km radius of a trained Grade C pharmacist, and randomly recruited one non-trained against one trained Grade C pharmacist. A semi structured questionnaire was administered to obtain information about knowledge of GPP, including guidelines of dispensing medicines, temperature maintenance, medicine storage, counseling customers and labeling medicines. Dispensing behavior was directly observed following a structured tool. Chi-square test (for categorical variables) and independent sample t-tests (for continuous variables) were applied for comparison between the trained and the non-trained Grade C pharmacists. A logistic regression model was applied to explore an association between knowledge and practice between the two groups.Results: Between February and March 2021, 220 trained and 220 non-trained Grade C pharmacists were recruited. Mean age (SD) of the participants was 41 years (10.5) and 98.4% were male. Compared to the non-trained, the trained Grade C pharmacists had better knowledge about the guidelines of dispensing medicines (97.7% vs 89.5%, p < 0.001), temperature maintenance (91.8% vs 45.5%, p = 0.001), medicine storage (92.3% vs 40.5%, p = 0.001) counseling customers (99.5% vs 92.3%, p < .001) and labeling medicines (91.0% vs 80%, p < 0.001). General dispensing behavior was observed to be better among the trained than the non-trained with labeling of medicines (63.2% vs 53.4%, p = 0.038), counseling customers (39.1% vs 28.6%, p = 0.021) and using a room thermometer for maintaining ambient temperature in the medicine shops (56.8% vs26.8%, p < 0.001). Bad behavior of the customers (39.5%) and lack of GPP knowledge among Grade C pharmacists (28.6%) were recognized to be challenges towards achieving GPP in Bangladesh.Conclusion: Training led to better knowledge and practices about dispensing medicines among Grade C pharmacists in Bangladesh. Periodic training may promote achieving GPP in Bangladesh.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the impact of good pharmacy practices training among drug dispensers in Bangladesh

Ali,

Chakma,

Islam

et al. 2023

Front. Pharmacol.

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Public interest in drug-related problems reflected in information search trends: an infodemiological study

Martínez-Aguilar,

Sanz-Lorente,

Martínez-Martínez

et al. 2024

DARU J Pharm Sci

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Background The analysis of how people search and “navigate” the internet to obtain health-related information and how they communicate and share this information can provide valuable knowledge about the disease patterns behaviour and health habits of populations. Objective To determine the population’s interest in drug-related problems through information search trends. Method A descriptive ecological correlational study, based on obtaining Google Trends data. Variables studied: relative search volume (RSV), evolution over time, milestones and seasonality. Results The most searched topic was drug overdose, with mean RSV of 56.25 ± 0.65. The highest increase occurred in the contraindication topic (R2 = 0.87, p < 0.001). The main milestone was observed in the drug overdose topic in July 2018 (RSV = 100). A very close relationship was found between adverse drug reaction and contraindication (R = 0.89, p < 0.001). Slight seasonality was noted in the adverse drug reaction (augmented Dickey–Fuller test [ADF] = −1.96), contraindication (ADF = −2.66) and drug interaction (ADF = −1.67) topics, but did not show an epidemiological trend. Conclusions The greatest public interest was found in the drug overdose and contraindication topics, which showed a stronger upward trend, although the seasonality study did not show any very notable data or demonstrate epidemiological information search behaviour. The main milestone observed was due to media factors related to the consumption of narcotics. There was a clear difference in English-speaking countries in the use of the drug overdose topic. A correlation between the adverse drug reaction and contraindication topics was confirmed. Graphical Abstract

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Comparison of the Knowledge and Practices in Medicine Dispensing between Retail Medicine Shops and Model Pharmacies in Dhaka Metropolis

Cited by 2 publications

References 34 publications

Assessment of the impact of good pharmacy practices training among drug dispensers in Bangladesh

Assessment of the impact of good pharmacy practices training among drug dispensers in Bangladesh

Public interest in drug-related problems reflected in information search trends: an infodemiological study

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