Comparison of the levels of Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV-2) DNA in equine squamous cell carcinomas and non-cancerous tissues using quantitative PCR

Knight, Cameron G.; Dunowska, Magdalena; Munday, John S.; Peters‐Kennedy, Jeanine; Rosa, Brielle V.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.004

Cited by 41 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…EcPV2 has been consistently identified in equine genital SCC and precursor lesions. 1,[6][7][8][10][11][12]14 The oncogenic potential of papillomavirus is well recognized in the association between human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and cervical carcinoma, and HPVs are increasingly recognized in tumors of the penis, vulva, and vagina. 3 By polymerase chain reaction (PCR), EcPV2 can be present in the genital region of horses without related clinical lesions or disease, and therefore studies designed to evaluate pathogenesis must hold a higher burden of proof than simple detection of viral DNA.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…3 By polymerase chain reaction (PCR), EcPV2 can be present in the genital region of horses without related clinical lesions or disease, and therefore studies designed to evaluate pathogenesis must hold a higher burden of proof than simple detection of viral DNA. 1,[6][7][8][10][11][12]14 In HPVs associated with cervical cancer, the role of the virus has been demonstrated by the expression of E6 and E7 proteins and their subsequent interactions with multiple host proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. 5 In addition to manipulation of the cell cycle, E6 and E7 have been shown to cause genetic instability.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Equine Genital Squamous Cell Carcinoma

et al. 2015

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Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 (EcPV2) has been proposed as an etiologic agent for genital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the most common malignant tumor of the horse penis. EcPV2 is commonly detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on normal horse genitalia; therefore, unraveling the virus' role in oncogenic transformation requires other methods of detection. In this study, a highly sensitive multiple-probe chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH) technique was designed to recognize the E6/E7 oncogenes of EcPV2. ISH demonstrated abundant virus within 6 of 13 penile and preputial SCCs, whereas evidence of solar damage was found in 6 cases that were negative for EcPV2 by ISH. The ISH technique is valuable for studies of pathogenesis, since it demonstrates for the first time that the vast majority of neoplastic cells contain virus. Moreover, hybridization was present in all metastases examined, implying stability of E6/E7 expression in these clonal populations of neoplastic cells. This study contributes to the accumulating evidence for a causal role of EcPV2 in a subset of genital SCCs in horses.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Equine Genital Squamous Cell Carcinoma

et al. 2015

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“…EcPV-2 is more closely related to the oncogenic human papillomavirus type 16 than it is to the cause of the benign equine cutaneous papilloma (EcPV-1) [79,80].…”

Section: Infectious Cancers In Vertebrates (A) Historical Trendmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until recently, attention focused on possible oncogenic effects of chronic inflammation, UV exposure and smegma accumulation [80]. The discovery of a novel papilloma virus, EcPV-2 [79] and its association with equine penile SCC [79,80] along with the histopathological finding that benign penile papillomas (from which EcPV-2 has also been isolated) can transition to SCC [107][108][109] suggest a causal role for papillomavirus in this cancer.…”

Section: (C) Associations Between Benign and Malignant Neoplasiasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection and cancer in multicellular organisms

Ewald

2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Evolutionary considerations suggest that oncogenic infections should be pervasive among animal species. Infection-associated cancers are well documented in humans and domestic animals, less commonly reported in undomesticated captive animals, and rarely documented in nature. In this paper, we review the literature associating infectious agents with cancer to evaluate the reasons for this pattern. Non-malignant infectious neoplasms occur pervasively in multicellular life, but oncogenic progression to malignancy is often uncertain. Evidence from humans and domestic animals shows that non-malignant infectious neoplasms can develop into cancer, although generally with low frequency. Malignant neoplasms could be difficult to find in nature because of a low frequency of oncogenic transformation, short survival after malignancy and reduced survival prior to malignancy. Moreover, the evaluation of malignancy can be ambiguous in nature, because criteria for malignancy may be difficult to apply consistently across species. The information available in the literature therefore does not allow for a definitive assessment of the pervasiveness of infectious cancers in nature, but the presence of infectious neoplasias and knowledge about the progression of benign neoplasias to cancer is consistent with a widespread but largely undetected occurrence.

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“…A virus known as equine papillomavirus type 1 (EcPV1) was detected, characterized, and its DNA cloned from equine cutaneous papillomas [8]. EcPV2 has been identified from equine papillomas affecting the genital area and may involve in the development of penile squamous cell carcinomas [9,13,14]. EcPV4 was found in genital plaques, EcPV2, EcPV3, EcPV4, EcPV5 and EcPV6 in aural plaques, and EcPV7 in penile masses [3,6,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of a Putative Novel Papillomavirus that causes InvertedPapillomas in Horses

Ertelt¹,

Kershaw²,

Förster³

et al. 2017

Virol Mycol

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The Papillomaviridae family comprises a large number of viruses that can infect a broad range of hosts giving rise to benign lesions of the skin or mucosal membranes. Until today, seven viruses termed EcPV1-7 were identified in equine papillomas.Two trotter stallion siblings at the age of two were referred to the Equine Clinic of Free University of Berlin, because of erythema, alopecia and crusting. After a diagnosis of immune-mediated skin disease, the horses underwent long-term treatment with glucocorticoids and azathioprine. Two months later, both horses developed hundreds of small wart-like proliferations on the head, neck, chest and trunk. Six healthy horses, housed in the same stable, were used to assess the occurrence of the virus in healthy skin.Biopsies were obtained for histopathology and for amplification and cloning of the papillomavirus genome as well as for sequence analysis.Histopathology revealed well demarcated cup-shaped epidermal proliferations. Foci were covered by parakeratotic, or abnormally formed, keratin. In deeper layers, numerous enlarged cells with cytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion-like structures and occasional intranuclear basophilic inclusion bodies were striking, existing beside cells with a peripheral cytoplasmic clearing (koilocytes). Histopathological findings were consistent with endophytic papilloma similar to the Le Net-type described in immunosuppressed dogs caused by a distinct canine papillomavirus. Furthermore, papillomavirus DNA was detected in tissue samples using a broad range PCR analysis. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of a partial sequence from the L1 gene indicated a putative new papillomavirus that has not been described in horses so far. Biopsies of the control horses showed no abnormalities in histopathology and were tested negative for the putative novel papilloma virus DNA.

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Comparison of the levels of Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV-2) DNA in equine squamous cell carcinomas and non-cancerous tissues using quantitative PCR

Cited by 41 publications

References 20 publications

Equine Genital Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Equine Genital Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Infection and cancer in multicellular organisms

Investigation of a Putative Novel Papillomavirus that causes InvertedPapillomas in Horses

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