Comparison of the localization of tetrodotoxin between wild pufferfish Takifugu rubripes juveniles and hatchery-reared juveniles with tetrodotoxin administration

Okita, Kogen; Takatani, Tomohiro; Nakayasu, Junichi; Yamazaki, Hideki; Sakiyama, Kazutaka; Ito, Koichi; Arakawa, Osamu; Sakakura, Yoshitaka

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.05.018

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…However, most of TTX was detected in skin and muscle in case of juveniles (Fig.1). Okita et al [22] also detected TTX from hepatic tissue, basal cell of skin and olfactory, olfactory epithelium, optic nerve and brain in wild-caught T. rubripes juveniles (SL 4.7-9.4 cm), by immunohistochemical technique with anti-TTX monoclonal antibody. They also confirmed the same TTX localization in non-toxic artificially-raised juveniles after 5-days TTX administration with similar method of this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Such non-toxic T. rubripes juveniles are attracted to TTX by olfactory [21] and accumulate TTX when they are fed TTX-containing diet [22]. Furthermore, TTX was detected not only in liver but also basal cell of skin both in the wild juveniles and artificially-raised juveniles to which TTX were orally administrated [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It is known that artificially-raised T. rubripes becomes non-toxic when fed with non-toxic diets in an environment where the invasion of TTX-bearing organisms was eliminated [19,20]. Such non-toxic T. rubripes juveniles are attracted to TTX by olfactory [21] and accumulate TTX when they are fed TTX-containing diet [22]. Furthermore, TTX was detected not only in liver but also basal cell of skin both in the wild juveniles and artificially-raised juveniles to which TTX were orally administrated [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Administration of tetrodotoxin protects artificially raised juvenile tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes from predators

et al. 2016

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We examined the effects of tetrodotoxin (TTX) administration to the artificially-raised tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes juveniles on the survival after release into a mesocosm with predators in order to clarify the ecological significance of TTX. Artificial pellets containing 3 different concentrations of TTX (0 as control, 7, 14 MU/g•diet) were fed to non-toxic artificially-raised T. rubripes juveniles for 10 days. TTX accumulation in the various tissues of fish was detected except for control diet group, and TTX administration did not affect survival or growth of the fish. Then, a hundred fish from each diet group were released together into a salt-pond mesocosm (2,650 m 2) with predators (Lateolabrax sp.) for 5 days. Survival after release was significantly higher in the fish fed with TTX both 7 MU/g•diet (62 %) and 14 MU/g•diet (74 %) than the control fish (32 %).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Administration of tetrodotoxin protects artificially raised juvenile tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes from predators

et al. 2016

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“…According to the popular assumption, TTX-bearing organisms use toxin for the defense against predators. Okita et al [66] showed that the survival rate of puffer fish ( T. rubripes ) fry grown under artificial conditions was significantly lower than the survival of fry from the natural environment. The authors explained the low survival rate of the cultured fry by nonadoptive behavior and low TTX concentration (below detectable level) in comparison with the fry from natural habitat.…”

Section: Ecology Of Marine Ttx-producing Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetrodotoxin-Producing Bacteria: Detection, Distribution and Migration of the Toxin in Aquatic Systems

Magarlamov

Melnikova

Chernyshev

2017

Toxins

129

105

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This review is devoted to the marine bacterial producers of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent non-protein neuroparalytic toxin. In addition to the issues of the ecology and distribution of TTX-producing bacteria, this review examines issues relating to toxin migration from bacteria to TTX-bearing animals. It is shown that the mechanism of TTX extraction from toxin-producing bacteria to the environment occur through cell death, passive/active toxin excretion, or spore germination of spore-forming bacteria. Data on TTX microdistribution in toxic organs of TTX-bearing animals indicate toxin migration from the digestive system to target organs through the transport system of the organism. The role of symbiotic microflora in animal toxicity is also discussed: despite low toxin production by bacterial strains in laboratory conditions, even minimal amounts of TTX produced by intestinal microflora of an animal can contribute to its toxicity. Special attention is paid to methods of TTX detection applicable to bacteria. Due to the complexity of toxin detection in TTX-producing bacteria, it is necessary to use several methods based on different methodological approaches. Issues crucial for further progress in detecting natural sources of TTX investigation are also considered.

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“…Recently, Sakakura et al (unpublished) found that when TTX was administered to hatchery-raised nontoxic juveniles, their ecologic behavior became similar to that of wild juveniles, making it more difficult for predators to prey on them. In addition, Okita et al (2013b) revealed that when TTX was orally administered to nontoxic T. rubripes juveniles, it passed through the blood-brain barrier to reach the brain, and that TTX was similarly localized in the brain in toxic wild juveniles. These findings suggest that TTX is involved in controlling information transmission in the central nervous system of pufferfish, and may strongly influence the physiology and ecology of pufferfish.…”

Section: -3 Other Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxins of Pufferfish—Distribution, Accumulation　Mechanism, and Physiologic Functions

Arakawa¹,

Takatani²,

Taniyama³

et al. 2017

Aqua-BioSci. Monogr. (ABSM)

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Keywordsunit) is defined as the amount of toxin required to kill a 20-g male mouse within 30 min after intraperitoneal administration], and the minimum lethal dose (MLD) for humans is estimated to be approximately 10000 MU (ª2 mg) (Noguchi and Ebesu 2001).The main symptoms of human intoxication include numbness of lips, tongue and the limbs, paresthesia, dysarthria, respiratory distress, and death is caused by respiratory failure in the most critical cases (Noguchi and Ebesu 2001). According to Toda et al. (2012), 651 incidents of TTX poisoning due to pufferfish have occurred in Japan, involving 976 patients and 56 deaths during the 22 years from 1989 to 2010. Many cases occurred during the winter season in coastal prefectures of the Seto Inland Sea, with "komonfugu" Takifugu poecilonotus, "mafugu" Takifugu porphyreus, "higanfugu" Takifugu pardalis, "shosaifugu" Takifugu Abstract Our many years of studies have provided a lot of information regarding distribution, accumulation mechanism, and physiologic functions of the natural toxins harbored by pufferfish. We detected tetrodotoxin (TTX) and/or its derivatives in several species of aquatic organisms including marine bacteria. This, along with the fact that pufferfish became non-toxic when they were reared with non-toxic feed, indicated that the toxification of pufferfish is of exogenous origin. Subsequently, we revealed by various TTX administration experiments using non-toxic cultured pufferfish that the TTX administered into the muscle or digestive tract rapidly transferred to the liver and skin, and that the toxin transfer to the gonads was largely different between male and female, suggesting the involvement of maturation in the internal kinetics of TTX. On the other hand, we visualized micro-distribution of TTX in the tissues of various TTX-bearing organisms using an immunohistochemical technique, giving a crucial insight to elucidate physiologic functions of TTX including the function as a defensive or offensive agent. Furthermore, we found that Southeast Asian freshwater pufferfish possess paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) as a main toxin, and that boxfish and Bangladeshi freshwater pufferfish bear a palytoxin (PLTX)-like toxin, and cause a rhabdomyolysis, which overturned the common sense that pufferfish toxin equals TTX.

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Comparison of the localization of tetrodotoxin between wild pufferfish Takifugu rubripes juveniles and hatchery-reared juveniles with tetrodotoxin administration

Cited by 21 publications

References 38 publications

Administration of tetrodotoxin protects artificially raised juvenile tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes from predators

Administration of tetrodotoxin protects artificially raised juvenile tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes from predators

Tetrodotoxin-Producing Bacteria: Detection, Distribution and Migration of the Toxin in Aquatic Systems

Toxins of Pufferfish—Distribution, Accumulation　Mechanism, and Physiologic Functions

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Comparison of the localization of tetrodotoxin between wild pufferfish Takifugu rubripes juveniles and hatchery-reared juveniles with tetrodotoxin administration

Cited by 21 publications

References 38 publications

Administration of tetrodotoxin protects artificially raised juvenile tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes from predators

Administration of tetrodotoxin protects artificially raised juvenile tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes from predators

Tetrodotoxin-Producing Bacteria: Detection, Distribution and Migration of the Toxin in Aquatic Systems

Toxins of Pufferfish—Distribution, Accumulation Mechanism, and Physiologic Functions

Contact Info

Product

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Toxins of Pufferfish—Distribution, Accumulation　Mechanism, and Physiologic Functions