“…Additionally, the FSW process is also applied to join various other materials, such as copper [ 15 ], magnesium [ 16 ], as well as high-strength materials like steel, Inconel, nickel, and titanium, among others [ [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] ]. More recently, the FSW process has been utilized for the fabrication of composite materials through the incorporation of reinforcing particles into an aluminium matrix (Al-matrix) [ 22 , 23 ].…”