Comparison of the Ranging Function of Three Types of Underwater Acoustic Modems

Domrese, Katherine; Szajna, Andrew; Zhou, Shengli; Cui, Jun-Hong

doi:10.1109/mass.2014.36

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Underwater networking is an active research area where topics across the network stack continue to be explored for custom acoustic modems and sensor networks [24]. There is also prior work in localization and ranging [35,50], which is not in scope of our work. Below we describe the prior work in more detail.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underwater messaging using mobile devices

Chen

Chan

Gollakota

2022

Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2022 Conference

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Since its inception, underwater digital acoustic communication has required custom hardware that neither has the economies of scale nor is pervasive. We present the first acoustic system that brings underwater messaging capabilities to existing mobile devices like smartphones and smart watches. Our software-only solution leverages audio sensors, i.e., microphones and speakers, ubiquitous in today's devices to enable acoustic underwater communication between mobile devices. To achieve this, we design a communication system that in real-time adapts to differences in frequency responses across mobile devices, changes in multipath and noise levels at different locations and dynamic channel changes due to mobility. We evaluate our system in six different real-world underwater environments with depths of 2-15 m in the presence of boats, ships and people fishing and kayaking. Our results show that our system can in real-time adapt its frequency band and achieve bit rates of 100 bps to 1.8 kbps and a range of 30 m. By using a lower bit rate of 10-20 bps, we can further increase the range to 100 m. As smartphones and watches are increasingly being used in underwater scenarios, our software-based approach has the potential to make underwater messaging capabilities widely available to anyone with a mobile device.Project page with open-source code and data can be found here: https://underwatermessaging.cs.washington.edu/ CCS CONCEPTS• Networks → Mobile networks; • Applied computing → Environmental sciences; • Human-centered computing → Ubiquitous and mobile devices;

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underwater messaging using mobile devices

Chen

Chan

Gollakota

2022

Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2022 Conference

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“…Based upon different communication protocols, many different types of underwater acoustic modems are currently in existence. Using the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), the AquaSeNT AM-OFDM-12A model is rated to communicate as deep as 200 m and can range distances as far as 7 km (Domrese et al 2014). Based on multiple frequencyshift keying (MFSK), the Teledyne Benthos ATM-885 LF Omni model modem is rated to communicate as deep as 2 km and can typically range distances of 2-6 km.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the random time-space-frequency parameter variation, strong multipath, fast fluctuation, and strict band limitation, the adverse characteristic of underwater acoustic channel (UAC) seriously impact the communication quality and further increase the measurement error of propagation time, thereby reducing the ranging accuracy. Therefore, the modems mentioned in (Domrese et al 2014) exhibit poor performance to the poor environment. The atomic clock is a high-precision and stable timing device, using the electrons inside the atom to control the movement of the clock (Zhao et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underwater Acoustic Modem With High Precision Ranging Capability Based on Second-Level Cesium Atomic Clock

Tong²,

Jiang³

et al. 2022

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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Abstract. Equipped with a high-precision atomic clock can significantly improve the ranging accuracy of the underwater acoustic ranging system. However, the adverse characteristic of underwater acoustic channel (UAC) seriously deteriorates the ranging accuracy. In addition, as a timing device typically commercial cesium atomic clock is only designed to output second-level time reference, which cannot be applied to underwater ranging systems directly. To overcome this limitation, a new underwater acoustic modem with high precision ranging capability based on second-level cesium atomic clock is developed in this paper. The spread spectrum technology is chosen for highly reliable communication and the second-level commercial cesium atomic clock is used to ensure accurate clock synchronization. The proposed modem executes a predetermined ranging scheme based on spread spectrum technology. Specifically, at a certain specified second-level, the transmitter modem sends the ranging signal, and the receiver modem starts timing. Until the receiving modem detects the ranging signal, the propagation time is obtained and the single-item ranging capability is realized. The pool experiment shows the effectiveness of the modem, its ranging accuracy can reach cm level, and the average absolute error of ranging is 8 cm.

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“…For high speed transmission, Benthos and LinkQuest rely on standard Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation, while Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is adopted by other manufacturers. Note that relatively high data rates are actually documented by the manufacturers; however, a study 6 showed that these can only be guaranteed in specific conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Janus compatible software-defined underwater acoustic multiple-input multiple-output modem

Singh

Crispo

Bousquet

et al. 2021

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

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This article describes the implementation of a multiple-input multiple-output acoustic communication link in shallow water conditions to enable a software-defined acoustic modem with a maximum transmission rate of 20 kbps in a 5-kHz bandwidth. The reliability improvement of a low-complexity Alamouti space–time block code is evaluated to improve the diversity in a high-rate transmission mode using single carrier modulation, as well as in a low-rate transmission mode relying on continuous-phase frequency-shift keying. Using measurements in realistic subsea conditions, the effect of the spatial channel correlation is demonstrated. It is found that for the space–time block code/continuous-phase frequency-shift keying, the spatial diversity is significantly degraded due to the high spatial correlation. In contrast, for the high-mode transmission rate, space–time block code with single carrier modulation offers a bit error rate improvement by a factor over hundred, in comparison to a single transmit element, demonstrating that the multiple-input multiple-output optimal code depends on the software-defined acoustic modem transmission mode.

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Comparison of the Ranging Function of Three Types of Underwater Acoustic Modems

Cited by 7 publications

References 1 publication

Underwater messaging using mobile devices

Underwater messaging using mobile devices

Underwater Acoustic Modem With High Precision Ranging Capability Based on Second-Level Cesium Atomic Clock

A Janus compatible software-defined underwater acoustic multiple-input multiple-output modem

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