Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bounded, nanosized
particles,
produced and secreted by all biological cell types. EVs are ubiquitous
in the environment, operating in various roles including intercellular
communication and plant immune modulation. Despite their ubiquity,
the role of EV surface chemistry in determining transport has been
minimally investigated. Using the zeta (ζ)-potential as a surrogate
for surface charge, this work considers the deposition of EVs from
the yeast,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, and two bacterial species,
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Pseudomonas fluorescens
, in well-characterized
porous medium under various background conditions shown to influence
the transport of other environmental colloidal particles: ionic strength
and humic acid concentration. The affinity of
S. cerevisiae
EVs for the porous medium (glass beads) appeared to be sensitive
to changes in ionic strength, as predicted by colloid stability (Derjaguin,
Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek or DLVO) theory, and humic acid concentration,
while
P. fluorescens
EVs deviated from
DLVO predictions, suggesting that mechanisms other than charge stabilization
may control the deposition of
P. fluorescens
. Calculations of attachment efficiency from these deposition studies
were used to estimate EV transport using a clean-bed filtration model.
Based on these calculations, EVs could be transported through such
homogeneous porous media up to 15 m.