“…Although the AGID is a quite old technique, it has characteristics that justify its practical applicability to the present day, such as easy operation, especially in the handling of small number of samples, low cost and a minimum requirement for laboratory equipment and structure (Lane & Warnock 1977, Poli et al 1981, Billen et al 2009). In addition, being based on a precipitation reaction, the AGID does not require the use of species-specific secondary antibodies, which are required for indirect ELISA and are not commercially available when dealing with wild animals (Graczyk & Cockrem 1995, German et al 2002, Cray et al 2009a, 2009b, Cray 2011, which is the case in our study with penguins.…”