Comparison of three interval arithmetic‐based algorithms for antenna array pattern upper bound estimation

He, Guolong; Gao, Xin; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hongquan

doi:10.1049/el.2019.1229

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Although well established, statistical methods have not always guaranteed reliable confidence bounds, some extreme cases can still fall outside the bounds. On the contrary, IA based methods introduce intervals to represent the possible values of the element excitation including both amplitude and phase, and predict the array performance by its upper and lower bounds [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. Thanks to the inclusion property of IA to deal with uncertainties, the determined bounds of antenna array pattern are finite and inclusive thus reliable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact Analysis and Calibration Methods of Excitation Errors for Phased Array Antennas

Gao

Zhang

2021

IEEE Access

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Phased array antennas have played a very important role in many different areas and applications. It requires precise excitation of each antenna element by various synthesis techniques to obtain desired array pattern features. However, due to reasons such as manufacturing imperfections, component aging, and temperature variation, the realistic antenna element excitation inevitably differs from their expected values in practice. This paper presents a tutorial-like review to deal with excitation errors for phased array antennas. Two kinds of analysis methods, probabilistic methods and interval arithmetic (IA) based methods, are presented to evaluate the effects of excitation errors for phased array antennas. State-ofthe-art calibration methods along with various signal processing techniques are reviewed, their advantages and challenges are discussed in a comparative manner. Some other common errors and open research directions are also presented.INDEX TERMS Phased array antenna, excitation error, interval arithmetic, array calibration.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact Analysis and Calibration Methods of Excitation Errors for Phased Array Antennas

Gao

Zhang

2021

IEEE Access

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“…They analyzed and compared the difference between the upper and lower boundaries of three interval algorithms to calculate the power pattern of an array antenna. 24,25 However, studies on IA-based tolerance analysis of the patch are lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To minimize the over‐estimation problem of the conventional interval‐based method, the Minkowski sum 22 and Taylor expansion 23 methods are proposed, and they have achieved good results. They analyzed and compared the difference between the upper and lower boundaries of three interval algorithms to calculate the power pattern of an array antenna 24,25 . However, studies on IA‐based tolerance analysis of the patch are lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tolerance analysis of 3D printed patch antennas based on interval arithmetic

Wang

et al. 2020

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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A tolerance analysis approach based on interval arithmetic (IA) is proposed for heterogeneous three-dimensional (3D) printed patch antennas. Four key parameters-patch length, width, substrate thickness, and material properties-are considered that can introduce errors in the analysis results. Investigating the comprehensive effect of these parameters on resonant frequency and the E/H pattern of the patch is difficult and time-consuming when classical numerical simulations are employed. Thus, in this work, the four parameters are modeled as interval variables, and the equations between error and resonant frequency and the E/H pattern are derived using IA. Then, for the given tolerances (error intervals), the corresponding resonant frequency interval and E/H pattern interval are calculated using the proposed approach and compared with HFSS simulation results. Some samples of the patch antenna are fabricated via a self-developed heterogeneous 3D printer, which employs ink injection and laser sintering to fabricate the patch and the microstrip; furthermore, ultraviolet (UV) resin injection and curing are used to fabricate the substrate. The transmission performance of the samples is evaluated by comparing simulation and measurement results to verify the effectiveness of the proposed IA-based approach.

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“…Indeed, the only quantities involved in the IA-based maths are the endpoints of the intervals of the input variables (i.e., the antenna descriptors such as the excitations for the antenna arrays) affected by uncertainties. Thanks to these advantages, IA-based methods have been profitably applied to different antenna systems and devices such as PAs [18]- [23], reflector antennas [24] [25], reflectarrays, [26] and antenna materials [27] or radomes [28] [29]. Moreover, IA-based tolerance analysis techniques have been exploited, jointly with optimization algorithms, for the robust synthesis of antennas [30] [31] [32] in order to obtain antenna designs resilient to uncertainties within the considered error intervals, without the need of correcting their effects through suitable compensation methods [33]- [35].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Successive extensions have dealt with calibration errors and mutual coupling effects through the circular interval arithmetic and the circular IA in which the intervals are represented as circles in the complex plane centered in the nominal value and characterized by an interval radius proportional to the error tolerance [39]. To mitigate the dependency problem 2 , a Taylor expansion has been used to estimate the sensitivity of the array pattern performance on small errors in the excitation amplitudes [21], while a matrixbased IA method has been applied to PAs with errors on the amplitude coefficients [22] [23]. The presence of both amplitude and phase deviations from the nominal array weights has 2 The dependency problem arises when an interval variable is present more than once into an expression.…”

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confidence: 99%

Probabilistic Interval Analysis for the Analytic Prediction of the Pattern Tolerance Distribution in Linear Phased Arrays With Random Excitation Errors

Rocca

Anselmi

Benoni

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.

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A statistical approach based on the Interval Analysis (IA) is proposed for the analysis of the effects, on the radiation patterns radiated by phased arrays, of random errors and tolerances in the amplitudes and phases of the array-elements excitations. Starting from the efficient, reliable, and inclusive computation of the bounds of the complex-valued interval array pattern function by means of IA, an analytic method is presented to yield closed-form expressions for the probability of occurrence of a user-chosen value of the power pattern or of its features within the corresponding IA-derived bounds. A set of numerical examples is reported and discussed to assess the reliability of the proposed probabilistic interval analysis (PIA) method with the results from Monte Carlo simulations as well as to point out its effectiveness and potentialities/advantages/efficiency in real applications of great industrial interest.

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Comparison of three interval arithmetic‐based algorithms for antenna array pattern upper bound estimation

Cited by 4 publications

References 9 publications

Impact Analysis and Calibration Methods of Excitation Errors for Phased Array Antennas

Impact Analysis and Calibration Methods of Excitation Errors for Phased Array Antennas

Tolerance analysis of 3D printed patch antennas based on interval arithmetic

Probabilistic Interval Analysis for the Analytic Prediction of the Pattern Tolerance Distribution in Linear Phased Arrays With Random Excitation Errors

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