Comparison of Time-kill Assay to Evaluate the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Guava (Psidium guajava) Extracts on Periodontal Pathogens

Abstract

Background: The role of Gram-negative anaerobic periodontal pathogens in periodontal diseases has led to the loss of tooth-supporting structures. These diseases can be prevented by the inhibition of bacterial biofilm on the tooth surfaces. Many treatment modalities have been tried to prevent periodontal diseases. With the rise in resistance to synthetic antimicrobials, there is a requirement to develop natural antimicrobials for the control of periodontitis. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum) and guava (Psidium guajava) extracts on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans using time-kill assay. Materials and Methods: Aqueous garlic extract (AGaE), ethanolic garlic extract (EGaE), aqueous guava extract (AGuE), and ethanolic guava extract (EGuE) were prepared. Time-kill assays were performed on P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of guava and garlic were compared to assess the maximum bactericidal potency. Results: The comparison of time-kill assay of AGaE and AGuE on P. gingivalis showed a statistically significant difference at 2 h (t = 5.29, P < 0.01), 4 h (t = −4.867, P < 0.01), and 6 h (t = −3.647, P < 0.001). The comparison of time-kill assay of EGaE and EGuE on A. actinomycetemcomitans showed a statistically significant difference at 2 h (t = 4.54, P < 0.01) and highly significant difference at 4 h (t = 6.57, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The, judicious use of these phytomedicinal products could be cost-effective and also the adverse effects caused due to the long-term usage of synthetic antimicrobials can be avoided.

Metabolic perturbations and key pathways associated with the bacteriostatic activity of Clitoria ternatea flower anthocyanin fraction against Escherichia coli

“…1) at 4 h for MIC or 2× MIC was not greater than a 3 log 10 -fold decrease in c.f.u. [25], which shows that not all bacterial cells are killed at 4 h and the bacteriostatic effect is not maintained at 24 h. A similar pattern has also been observed in another study with other natural compounds from garlic and guava [26]. It is also suggested that the antibacterial activity exhibited by C. ternatea anthocyanin fraction may be contributed by the synergistic activity of the anthocyanins in the fraction.…”

Antimicrobial Activity of Psidium guajava Aqueous Extract against Sensitive and Resistant Bacterial Strains

“…The chemical composition of P. guajava includes tannins such as guavins A-D and flavonoids [ 7 , 8 ], and its extracts have already been widely reported to have antimicrobial potential. Many studies have described the antimicrobial activity of different extracts from the leaves of P. guajava , such as methanolic [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], ethanolic [ 9 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ], and aqueous [ 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 16 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], including the activity of methanolic extracts against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains [ 18 ]. The antimicrobial activity of the root [ 12 ] and fruit extracts [ 24 ] of P. guajava has also been reported.…”

Prospecção científica e tecnológica da Psidium guajava relacionada com a atividade anti-inflamatória e antimicrobiana no tratamento da periodontite

“…E a sua patogênese também envolve fatores imunogenéticos e o estilo de vida (Akkaoui et al, 2020;Shetty et al, 2020) 2019). Dessa forma, torna-se necessária a investigação de novos agentes quimioterápicos e os fitoquímicos naturais isolados através dos extratos das plantas têm se destacado (Pasupuleti et al, 2023;Shetty et al, 2020;Shetty et al, 2021).…”