Comparison of toxic product yields of burning cables in bench and large-scale experiments

Hull, T. Richard; Lebek, K.; Pezzani, Maddalena; Messa, Silvio

doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2007.06.004

Cited by 39 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The principle of the ISO TS 19700 tube furnace is a fixed rate feeding of the sample into a furnace under a fixed air supply (Stec et al 2008b ;Stec & Hull 2010). A good correlation between the yields for several of the major acute toxicants from fires such as CO and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) generated from large-scale tests and the steady state tube furnace has been shown (Hull et al 2008). …”

Section: Sampling and Analysis Of Isocyanates In Fire Effluentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of isocyanates in fire toxicity

2016

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Isocyanates are a group of low molecular weight, highly reactive compounds with a functional isocyanate group. The main human exposure route is via inhalation of airborne isocyanates, although dermal exposure has also been reported. The inhalation of isocyanates is associated with severely adverse health effects such as asthma, inflammation in the respiratory tract and cancer. During thermal degradation of polyurethane materials, airborne isocyanates can be sampled in the fire effluent. This paper discusses the reactivity and commercial applications of isocyanates and the generation of airborne isocyanates during thermal degradation, the human health effects as well as the environmental fate of some of the most commercially important isocyanates. This is followed by a review of the generation of isocyanates from large-scale fire testing and bench-scale test methods as well as sampling techniques and derivatisation agents necessary to stabilise the isocyanates and analysis.

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Section: Sampling and Analysis Of Isocyanates In Fire Effluentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of isocyanates in fire toxicity

2016

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“…Some related work has been published on the efficiency of halocarbon flame extinguishing agents CF 3 Br in methane air flames as a function of temperature [25]. This showed that the efficiency was optimised at lower temperatures, and this was attributed to longer residence times in the flame zone.…”

Section: Pa6 With Brominated Polystyrene and Antimony Trioxidementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The major factor in the assessment of fire hazard is an estimation of yields of toxic products from fires [3]. In a fire, thermal decomposition of solid material generates buoyant gaseous fuel vapours, which can burn above the solid material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Monoxide Generation in Fires: Effect of Temperature on Halogenated and Aromatic Fuels

Kaczorek¹,

Stec²,

Hull³

2011

Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the 10th International Sym

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Carbon monoxide is widely regarded as the major toxicant in fire effluents. It is produced as a result of incomplete combustion, by low temperatures, flame quenching, or under-ventilation. Polymers containing halogens and aromatic rings give higher carbon monoxide yields in well-ventilated conditions, when burnt in the steady state tube furnace (ISO 19700) at a furnace temperature of 650 °C. This is believed to result from flame quenching by hydrogen halides or the enhanced stability of aromatic rings in flames, respectively. This work investigates the effect of ventilation condition and furnace temperature on the yield of carbon monoxide from burning mixtures of polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene, polyamide 6 containing a brominated flame retardant and an antimony synergist, and polystyrene. In each case, the high carbon monoxide yields in well-ventilated burning reduced at higher furnace temperatures, showing a diminution of fire toxicity above 850 °C.

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“…The tested cable met the Spanish NO7V-K specification, and was supplied by EuropaCable and has been described elsewhere. 15 The under-ventilated fire scenario was set up according to IEC 60695-7-50, where the furnace temperature was 825°C. Table 5 Variations of concentrations for four runs for cable Table 5 presents variations of product concentration for PVC insulated a single wire conductor for the under-ventilated fire condition.…”

Section: Repeatability Of Tube Furnacementioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of the steady state tube furnace (ISO TS 19700) for fire toxicity assessment

Stec

Hull

Lebek

2008

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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The steady state tube furnace (Purser furnace, ISO TS 19700) has been developed specifically to replicate the generation of toxic products from real fires under different fire conditions on a bench scale. Steady state burning is achieved by driving the sample into a furnace of increasing heat flux at a fixed rate and recording the product yields over a steady state period in the middle of the run. The furnace, sample, and effluent dilution chamber temperature profiles are presented to characterise the conditions in the apparatus. The distribution of smoke in the mixing chamber has been investigated to demonstrate the efficiency of mixing in the effluent dilution chamber. The heat flux applied to the sample at various points through the furnace has been measured, showing that conditions vary from those typical of preflaming to fully-developed fires. An initial investigation of the repeatability and interlaboratory reproducibility has been undertaken, showing acceptable low levels of uncertainty in the toxic product yields.

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Comparison of toxic product yields of burning cables in bench and large-scale experiments

Cited by 39 publications

References 9 publications

The role of isocyanates in fire toxicity

The role of isocyanates in fire toxicity

Carbon Monoxide Generation in Fires: Effect of Temperature on Halogenated and Aromatic Fuels

Characterisation of the steady state tube furnace (ISO TS 19700) for fire toxicity assessment

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