Bipolar disorder (BD) is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings alternating between periods of depression and mania (or hypomania; American Psychological Association, 2013). It affects a person's mood, energy levels, and ability to function in daily life (Faurholt-Jepsen et al., 2023). It is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide and has high economic costs (Cloutier et al., 2018). The mean age of onset in type I BD (BD-I) and type II BD (BD-II) is between 17 and 31 years, with those aged between 15 and 19 years being at greater risk (McGinty et al., 2023).The course of the disorder is highly variable; it has a chronic and recurrent evolution involving an average of six affective episodes of around 13 weeks (Rowland & Marwaha, 2018). Socialization, functioning, and quality of life can all be adversely affected, especially when the recurrence is more significant and other co-morbid disorders are present (Bennett et al., 2019). The two main subtypes are BD-I, featuring episodes of mania and usually depression, and BD-II, which presents with hypomanic (mood-elevating) and depressive episodes. The latter has traditionally been seen as a less severe and less disabling disorder than the former, primarily because hypomania should not cause marked impairment or hospitalization and should not present with psychotic features (Karanti et al., 2020).Diagnosis and management of both types of BD pose several challenges because of their complex etiology and the varied presentation of symptoms (Hancok & Perich, 2022). Management