“…2 An observer-based controller for flexible-joints robots has been developed, 3 in which the uncertainties related to motor dynamics are successfully estimated using a disturbance observer. In addition, many other approaches such as nonlinear adaptive control, 4 passivity-based control, 5 adaptive backstepping control, 6 global position-feedback-tracking control, 7 singular perturbation approach, 8 predictive control, 9 adaptive fuzzy approaches, 10 hierarchical sliding-mode control, 11 dynamic surface control, 12 and higher order differential feedback control 13 have been studied. It is worth noting that most of them have ignored the actuator dynamics in their design procedure.…”