Comparison of ultrasound and skinfold measurements in assessment of subcutaneous and total fatness

Borkan, Gary A.; Hults, David E.; Cardarelli, John A.; Burrows, Belton A.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330580309

Cited by 91 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…10 Studies suggest that as body fat increases, more fat is deposited in the upper arm in women than in men and this fat is deposited preferentially over deltoid muscle. 11,12 Another study found that there was a strong correlation between deltoid fat pad thickness and BMI. In that study the correlation coefficients between BMI and deltoid fat pat thickness were found to be 0.69 and 0.71 for the dominant arm and non-dominant arm respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of skin-to-muscle and muscle-to-bone thickness on depth of needle penetration in adults at the deltoid intramuscular injection site

Shankar

Saxena

Lokkur

et al. 2014

Medical Journal Armed Forces India

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Needles Subcutaneous fat a b s t r a c tBackground: The objectives of the study were to estimate the following in adults of Indian origin: a) Gender and side differences in the skin-to-muscle (SM) and muscle-to-bone thickness (MB) at the deltoid intramuscular injection site; b) Correlation of SM thickness with the BMI, age and gender; c) The prevalence of under and over-penetration assuming a standard needle length of 25 mm and following prescribed guidelines for IM injection. Methods: The SM, MB and skin-to-bone (SB) thicknesses were bilaterally estimated in two hundred adult Indian subjects (100 male and 100 female) using an ultrasound probe at a pre-determined point on the upper arms of the subjects. The BMI of each subject was calculated. The unpaired sample 't' test and paired 't' test were used to analyse differences between groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used in correlation analysis and suitable linear regression equations were generated. Results: Females had a significantly higher SM thickness and lower MB thickness. The SM thickness was significantly greater on the left side, while the SB and MB thickness were significantly greater on the right. Multiple linear regression equations for both the dominant and non-dominant arms had good model fit properties. Under-penetration would have occurred in 2 (1%) subjects while over-penetration would have occurred in 50% of the subjects. Conclusion: Over-penetration of deltoid IM injections is likely to be more prevalent as compared to under-penetration. Therefore, the technique of IM injection needs to be modified based on the body type of the individual patient.© 2014, Armed Forces Medical Services (AFMS). All rights reserved. m e d i c a l j o u r n a l a r m e d f o r c e s i n d i a 7 0 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 3 3 8 e3 4 3http://dx

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of skin-to-muscle and muscle-to-bone thickness on depth of needle penetration in adults at the deltoid intramuscular injection site

Shankar

Saxena

Lokkur

et al. 2014

Medical Journal Armed Forces India

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“…4,8,9 Skinfold thickness measurements are another traditional techniques that can be applied easily and are stated to provide a reliable estimate of obesity and regional fat distribution. [10][11][12][13] However, there are limitations associated with the caliper method, which may result in inaccurate estimates of subcutaneous fat thickness and, consequently, of total body fat. These limitations include the inability to control inter-and intra-subject variation in skinfold compressibility, the inability to palpate the fat-muscle interface and the impossibility of obtaining interpretable measurements on very obese subjects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of ultrasonographic and anthropometric methods to assess body fat in childhood obesity

2006

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Background: Pattern of fat distribution rather than obesity is of importance for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The accurate measurement of total and regional fat mass requires sophisticated and often expensive methods that have limited applicability in the clinical setting. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate body fat distributions by ultrasound (US) as a gold standard method for measuring visceral, preperitoneal and subcutaneous fat layers and comparing with anthropometric results, and then to find the most reliable anthropometric measurement in childhood obesity. Materials and methods: Study group of 51 obese children (21 F, 30 M) (mean age7s.d.: 11.572.6 years) and control group of 33 non-obese children (17 F, 16 M) (mean age7s.d.: 12.272.7 years) were recruited for this study. Anthropometric measurements as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist/hip ratio (WHR), triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses were taken from all the participants. Abdominal preperitoneal (P), subcutaneous (S) fat at their maximum (max) and minimum (min) thickness sites, visceral (V), triceps (TrUS) and subscapular (SsUS) fat thicknesses were also measured ultrasonographically. Results: In the obese group, BMI was significantly correlated with US measurements of fat thicknesses, except Pmin and SsUS, whereas in the control group, BMI was significantly correlated with all US fat measurements. The relation of US measurements with skinfold thickness and WC was more significant in the control than in the obese group. No relation between WHR and US fat thickness measurements was found in both groups. Multiple regression analysis, using V as the dependent variable and anthropometric parameters, gender and the group as the independent variables, revealed BMI was the best single predictor of V (R 2 : 0.53). Conclusion: This study suggests that the validity of the anthropometric skinfold thickness in the obese children is low. Despite the limitations reported in the literature, in our study, BMI provides the best estimate of body fat. WHR in children and adolescents is not a good index to show intra-abdominal fat deposition.

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“…In this population, Kabir and Forsum [29] also found that TS underestimates the adipose tissue in comparison with ultrasound measurements. Like anthropometry, the ultrasonic method has shortcomings when measuring subcutaneous tissue [30] and cross-sectional muscle areas, at least in adults [31] . In this study, the MRI was chosen as the gold standard method for measuring the arm compartments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper Arm Anthropometry Is Not a Valid Predictor of Regional Body Composition in Preterm Infants

Pereira‐da‐Silva

Abecasis²,

Virella³

et al. 2008

Neonatology

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Background: Upper arm anthropometry has been used in the nutritional assessment of small infants, but it has not yet been validated as a predictor of regional body composition in this population. Objective: Validation of measured and derived upper arm anthropometry as a predictor of arm fat and fat-free compartments in preterm infants. Methods: Upper arm anthropometry, including the upper arm cross-sectional areas, was compared individually or in combination with other anthropometric measurements, with the cross-sectional arm areas measured by magnetic resonance imaging, in a cohort of consecutive preterm appropriate-for-gestational-age neonates, just before discharge. Results: Thirty infants born with (mean ± SD) a gestational age of 30.7 ± 1.9 weeks and birth weight of 1,380 ± 325 g, were assessed at 35.4 ± 1.1 weeks of corrected gestational age, weighing 1,785 ± 93 g. None of the anthropometric measurements are reliable predictors (r² < 0.56) of the measurements obtained by magnetic resonance imaging, individually or in combination with other anthropometric measurements. Conclusion: Both measured anthropometry and derived upper arm anthropometry are inaccurate predictors of regional body composition in preterm appropriate-for-gestational-age infants.

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Comparison of ultrasound and skinfold measurements in assessment of subcutaneous and total fatness

Cited by 91 publications

References 17 publications

Influence of skin-to-muscle and muscle-to-bone thickness on depth of needle penetration in adults at the deltoid intramuscular injection site

Influence of skin-to-muscle and muscle-to-bone thickness on depth of needle penetration in adults at the deltoid intramuscular injection site

Comparison of ultrasonographic and anthropometric methods to assess body fat in childhood obesity

Upper Arm Anthropometry Is Not a Valid Predictor of Regional Body Composition in Preterm Infants

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