2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2021.102283
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Comparison of underwater with conventional pumped hydro-energy storage systems

Abstract: The laws of fluid mechanics imply that modular offshore pumped hydro-energy storage systems like StEnSea have no advantage over similar but much cheaper modular onshore systems.

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Cited by 5 publications
(2 citation statements)
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“…This configuration avoids land use by building a spherical storage cavity in the seabed as a lower reservoir and using the sea as an upper reservoir. Studies estimate that such configuration is cost-effective at a deep ranging from 200 to 800 m [18,20,21]. Due to the massive weight of concrete used for the sphere (over 2 m thickness, over 30 m diameter), installation is as challenging as the size of the system!…”
Section: Sea Reservoir -Sea Reservoirmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This configuration avoids land use by building a spherical storage cavity in the seabed as a lower reservoir and using the sea as an upper reservoir. Studies estimate that such configuration is cost-effective at a deep ranging from 200 to 800 m [18,20,21]. Due to the massive weight of concrete used for the sphere (over 2 m thickness, over 30 m diameter), installation is as challenging as the size of the system!…”
Section: Sea Reservoir -Sea Reservoirmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Currently, the technologies that can be used for large-scale energy storage include physical energy storage through the pumped hydro system (PHS), compressed air energy system (CAES) and flywheel energy system (FES), electromagnetic energy storage through superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and supercapacitors (SC), chemical energy storage through fuel cells (FC) and batteries, and thermal energy storage (TES) by heating or melting materials. Figure gives an analysis of energy storage technologies that can be integrated on a large scale. As of the end of 2020, the cumulative installed capacity of energy storage projects in operation worldwide reached 191.1 GW, of which the cumulative installed capacity of pumped storage was the largest, accounting for 90.3%. Meanwhile, the installed capacity of electrochemical energy storage (ECS) followed closely behind, accounting for 7.5%, and this information is shown in Figure a and b. Additionally, physical energy storage has the characteristics of mature technology and is large scale. It is mainly realized in the mutual conversion of electrical energy and mechanical energy. , For the ECS, it has become currently the most widely used energy storage technology with the greatest development potential, including lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion), lead-acid batteries (LAB), sodium–sulfur batteries (NaS), and redox flow battery (RFB) energy storage technologies. To be specific, as of the end of 2020, the cumulative installed capacity of ECS reached 14.2 GW, a year-on-year increase of 49.6%.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%