Comparison of United States and International Ophthalmic Drug Pricing

Gong, Dan; Chang, Jonathan S.; Barbany, Míriam; Corcóstegui, Borja; Değirmenci, Mehmet Fatih Kağan; Ishikawa, Hiroto; Mammo, Zaid; Özmert, Emin; Rossi, Tommaso; Chang, Stanley

doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.04.018

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…41 For example, a study of OOP costs for statins found that Lipitor had lower OOP costs than generic atorvastatin after Lipitor's manufacturer partnered with PBMs. 42,43 In ophthalmology specifically, a recent study observed higher drug costs for several generic medications compared to their brand counterparts for Medicare Part D. 11 However, we note that the exact extent to which PBMs have influenced ophthalmic medication pricing is unknown due to their confidential nature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Ophthalmic Medication Expenditures and Out-of-Pocket Spending

et al. 2020

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Objective-To estimate temporal trends in total and out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures for ophthalmic prescription medications among adults in the United States. Design-A retrospective longitudinal cohort study. Participants-Participants in the 2007-2016 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), age 18 years or older. The MEPS is a nationally representative survey of the noninstitutionalized, civilian US population.Methods-We estimated trends in national and per capita annual ophthalmic prescription expenditures by pooling data into 2-year cycles and using weighted linear regressions. We also identified characteristics associated with greater total or OOP expenditure with multivariable weighted linear regression. Costs were adjusted to 2016 US dollars using the Gross Domestic Product Price Index.Main Outcome Measures-Trends in total and OOP annual expenditures for ophthalmic medications from 2007-2016 as well as factors associated with greater expenditure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Ophthalmic Medication Expenditures and Out-of-Pocket Spending

et al. 2020

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“…It is well known that the price of anti-VEGF agents varies across countries [33,34]. In addition, the price can differ according to health insurance plans [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well known that the price of anti-VEGF agents varies across countries [33,34]. In addition, the price can differ according to health insurance plans [33]. In South Korea, the price of anti-VEGF agents is strictly controlled by the government.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Trend of Selecting Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Agents for the Initial Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy

Kim

2021

JCM

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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the trend of selecting ranibizumab and aflibercept for the initial treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). METHODS: This was a retrospective study that included 460 patients who were diagnosed with treatment-naïve neovascular AMD and PCV and were initially treated with either ranibizumab or aflibercept. The patients were divided into two groups: the ranibizumab group (n = 96) and the aflibercept group (n = 324). The patients’ characteristics and the proportion of the subtypes of macular neovascularization (MNV) were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Patients in the ranibizumab group were significantly older (mean 74.3 ± 8.4 years) than those in the aflibercept group (mean 70.4 ± 8.8 years; p < 0.001). In the ranibizumab group, the proportions of type 1 or 2 MNV, type 3 MNV, and PCV were 50.0%, 27.1%, and 22.9%, respectively. In the aflibercept group, the proportions were 35.2%, 6.8%, and 58.0%, respectively. There was a significant difference in the proportion of MNV subtypes between the ranibizumab and aflibercept groups (p < 0.001). Ranibizumab was used in 54.2% of patients with type 3 MNVs. However, in patients with PCV, aflibercept was used in 89.5% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Ranibizumab was preferred as an initial treatment agent in older patients and those with type 3 MNV, whereas aflibercept was highly preferred in patients with PCV. The different characteristics and efficacy of the two agents may have partially contributed to this trend.

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“…McGuire 60 Suh et al 30 Vögler et al 36 Vogler et al 11 Vogler et al 10 Vogler et al 50 Wouters and Kanavos 27 Gong et al 61 Kolasani et al 62 Ongarora et al 33 Scott et al 34 Theisen et al 35 Vogler et al 63 Year Open access finding was inconsistent across studies and there was no consistent association between cancer drug prices and GDP in high-income European countries. 5 26-28 Conversely, after adjustment for PPP (purchasing power parity), higher GDP was associated with lower prices.…”

Section: Srivastava Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of drug prices: a systematic review of comparison studies

et al. 2021

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ObjectiveIn this systematic review on drug price comparison studies, we report on recent determinants of drug prices in a national and international context to facilitate regulation of drug prices by purchasers and policymakers worldwide. Determinants of drug prices were divided into non-modifiable and modifiable and were categorised as pertaining to a country’s income level, pharmaceutical market system and its policies and government.Primary outcomeDeterminants of drug prices or price variance.DesignWe systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library for peer-reviewed articles published between 2004 and 22 July 2020 that reported an association of the primary outcome with one or more determinants. We performed a best-evidence synthesis of these associations for determinants covered in at least three studies.Results31 publications were included. Only one publication described net drug prices and 30 described retail drug prices. Five modifiable determinants were associated with lower retail prices: generic market portion, discounts, tendering policies, central (governmental) purchasing and pricing regulation schemes. The originators market portion and a system in which mark-ups are common were associated with higher retail prices. Retail prices were highest in the USA, even compared with other high-income countries. A positive association between national income level and drug retail prices could not be established among middle-income and high-income countries. Retail prices were highest in low-income countries when adjusted for purchasing power parity.ConclusionsLiterature on determinants of net drug prices is extremely sparse. Various healthcare system interventions, market-specific and governmental regulations are consistently associated with lower retail prices. Some interventions are easily implementable in developing or middle-income countries, such as tendering, central purchasing and fixed pricing regulation schemes. Net drug price comparison studies are needed to overcome the lack of price transparency and to quantify the effectiveness of policy measures on net drug prices.

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Comparison of United States and International Ophthalmic Drug Pricing

Cited by 11 publications

References 19 publications

Ophthalmic Medication Expenditures and Out-of-Pocket Spending

Ophthalmic Medication Expenditures and Out-of-Pocket Spending

Investigation of the Trend of Selecting Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Agents for the Initial Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy

Determinants of drug prices: a systematic review of comparison studies

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