Comparison of various BCG preparations in the EORTC ? ICIG experimental screening for systemic immunity adjuvants applicable to cancer immunotherapy

Hallé-Pannenko, O; Bourut, C.; Kamel, M.

doi:10.1007/bf00205289

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Optimal strains readily available at this time for immunotherapy are the Pasteur, Phipps, and Connaught. Even if fresh French Pasteur BCG were the best product, as suggested by Math6 et al [11,12,16], the viability of this fresh vaccine preserved at 4~ falls off rapidly, attaining half of its initial value in 15 days [17]. The potential logistical problem of using this preparation up to this time is apparent.…”

Section: History and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy of malignant disease with BCG and nonviable mycobacterial fractions

et al. 1977

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The administration of Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) has been associated with restoration of general immunocompetence, augmentation of specific tumor immunity, activation of local and regional host defense mechanisms, and stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system. There is evidence that antigens from a variety of unrelated tumors are shared with, or are similar to, antigens in BCG. However, it is uncertain whether this cross‐reactivity is the basis for the antitumor activity of BCG. Numerous studies emphasize the importance of regional effects of immunotherapy. They suggest a two‐step mechanism for antitumor activity that involves recognition of BCG by host defense mechanisms, followed by activation and mobilization of macrophages by specifically produced lymphokines. The several nonviable derivatives of BCG have activity comparable to BCG without many of the problems associated with viable BCG. An optimal, completely standardized BCG preparation has not yet been produced. Clinical studies on the immunotherapeutic effects of BCG and its derivatives in cancer patients indicate that in cutaneous malignant melanoma, intralesional injection of BCG causes complete regression of tumor in 65–90% of instances, with long‐term remission in patients with purely cutaneous metastatic disease. In patients with disseminated malignant melanoma, studies show prolongation of remission duration and overall survival in patients undergoing chemoimmunotherapy (with BCG + imidazole carboxamide) over those receiving chemotherapy alone. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia, one study has found a greater than 90% probability of survival in patients with the microlymphoblastic type undergoing immunotherapy after 5 years, yet other studies fail to show any therapeutic advantage. In most studies in acute myeloblastic leukemia, immunochemotherapy has given both qualitative and quantitative improvements in remission duration and particularly survival. Increased survival, particularly in stage I patients, has been reported in a trial of adjuvant BCG immunotherapy in lung cancer. Other studies on carcinoma of the colon, breast, and the head and neck, soft tissue sarcomas, and genitourinary cancers, utilizing various combinations of BCG and its derivatives, and chemotherapy, surgery, or radiation therapy indicate enhanced remission duration and survival. However, more research is needed to determine the optimum therapy combination in each case, to make refinements in dose, route, and schedule of administration, to improve product characteristics, and to overcome the complications of BCG immunotherapy.

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Section: History and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…It is suggested that the conflicting results observed by different investigators using different BCG strains may be explained by 3 factors [11]. The first is differences in replicating capacities from one strain to another.…”

Section: History and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy of malignant disease with BCG and nonviable mycobacterial fractions

et al. 1977

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“…The available results, however, do not provide information concerning the mode of action as well as the modalities of effective BCG prophylaxis. Minimal modifications of the experimental conditions may change the effectiveness of BCG (11,25,31). For instance, the age of the experimen tal animals may be a critical factor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Experimental Bladder Tumor Induction by Systemic BCG Treatment

Hd¹,

Thiele²,

Kiel³

1981

Eur Urol

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Intratumoral BCG therapy of transplanted head and neck tumors in strain 2 guinea pigs

Bier

Kleinschuster

et al. 1982

Head Neck

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The generally unfavorable prognosis associated with advanced squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck region in humans led us to immunotherapeutic experiments with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in inbred guinea pigs with solid growing and lymphogenous metastasizing tumors. The injection of live BCG or BCG cell wall preparation (CWP) into the planum buccale in the guinea pig led to a pronounced local inflammatory reaction. If live BCG or BCG CWP were injected into the planum buccale together with line 10 tumor cells, no growth of the tumor could be observed. Animals treated in this manner developed a tumor-specific immunity. Guinea pigs treated intratumorally with live BCG or BCG CWP in established, 6-day-old tumors of the planum buccale showed regression of the primary tumor and prevention of the development of lymph node metastases. These cured animals also developed a tumor-specific immunity. Guinea pigs with 6-day-old tumors of the planum buccale remained tumor free after surgical removal of the primary tumor and the draining submandibular and cervical lymph nodes (radical operation) whereas locally operated animals (primary tumor excision) developed lymph node metastases. Animals that were tumor free after radical surgery did not develop tumor-specific immunity. Despite insufficiently clarified mechanisms for the induction and effect of BCG immunotherapy, we can state that, with intratumoral BCG therapy, a tumor experimentally placed in the head and neck region is eliminated, regionally manifest metastases are eliminated, and specific tumor immunity can be demonstrated in successfully treated animals.

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Comparison of various BCG preparations in the EORTC ? ICIG experimental screening for systemic immunity adjuvants applicable to cancer immunotherapy

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy of malignant disease with BCG and nonviable mycobacterial fractions

Immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy of malignant disease with BCG and nonviable mycobacterial fractions

Inhibition of Experimental Bladder Tumor Induction by Systemic BCG Treatment

Intratumoral BCG therapy of transplanted head and neck tumors in strain 2 guinea pigs

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