Comparison of Volatiles Profile and Contents of Trichothecenes Group B, Ergosterol, and ATP of Bread Wheat, Durum Wheat, and Triticale Grain Naturally Contaminated by Mycobiota

Abstract

In natural conditions cereals can be infested by pathogenic fungi. These can reduce the grain yield and quality by contamination with mycotoxins which are harmful for plants, animals, and humans. To date, performed studies of the compounds profile have allowed for the distinction of individual species of fungi. The aim of this study was to determine the profile of volatile compounds and trichothecenes of group B, ergosterol, adenosine triphosphate content carried out on a representative sample of 16 genotypes of related cereals: triticale, bread wheat, and durum wheat. Based on an analysis of volatile compounds by means of gas chromatography mass spectrometry and with the use of an electronic nose, volatile profiles for cereals were determined. Differentiation is presented at four levels through discriminant analysis, heatmaps, principal component analysis (PCA), and electronic nose maps. The statistical model was built by subsequent incorporation of chemical groups such as trichothecenes (GC/MS), fungal biomass indicators ergosterol (HPLC) and ATP (luminometric) and volatiles. The results of the discriminatory analyses showed that the volatile metabolites most markedly differentiated grain samples, among which were mainly: lilial, trichodiene, p-xylene. Electronic nose analysis made it possible to completely separate all the analyzed cereals based only on 100 ions from the 50–150 m/z range. The research carried out using chemometric analysis indicated significant differences in the volatile metabolites present in the grain of bread wheat, durum wheat and triticale. The end result of the performed analyses was a complete discrimination of the examined cereals based on the metabolites present in their grain.

Feed Preference Response of Weaner Bull Calves to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57 Probiotic and Associated Volatile Organic Compounds in High Concentrate Feed Pellets

“…Nonanal and 2,4-decadienal, (E,E)- have a musty and unpleasant fried oil off-odour [ 10 , 25 ]. The mVOCs alcohols (1-pentanol; 2-furanmethanol and 1-octen-3-ol), ketones (2-heptanone), nitrogen compounds (pyrazine; pyrazine, methyl-), heterocyclic compounds (furan, 2-pentyl-), and other types of compounds (2(3H)-furanone, 5-ethyldihydro-) have been found in fungal spoilage grains [ 30 , 31 ]. Furthermore, these studies also suggested several of these mVOCs have low odour thresholds, which means they are volatilised at relatively low concentrations and could potentially be more readily detected by animals as an odour indicating spoiled and potentially toxic feed.…”

Performance of Winter Wheat Cultivars Grown Organically and Conventionally with Focus on Fusarium Head Blight and Fusarium Trichothecene Toxins

“…This was indicated by twice-higher ergosterol content (the total fungal quantity meter) and a three-fold higher Fusarium biomass content in organic grain. The content of ergosterol in grain depends on the type of grain (hulled, hull-less), cereal species and on the level of contamination of the grain with microscopic fungi, both pathogenic strains and native mycobiota [31,40,41]. Its content is affected also by the method of cultivation resulting from the use of fertilizers and treatments related to the use of plant protection chemicals [30].…”

Characterization of volatile metabolites formed by molds on barley by mass and ion mobility spectrometry

“…Besides harvest losses, a major issue is the formation of mycotoxins. In addition to the nonvolatile mycotoxin metabolites, a wide spectrum of 50 volatile and 53 semivolatile metabolites (microbial volatile organic compounds [mVOC]) is also produced by different Fusarium species . An important class of semivolatile metabolites are the sesquiterpenes, which serve as building blocks in the biosynthesis of mycotoxins .…”