Comparison of water use efficiency, profitability and consumer preferences of different rice varieties in Punjab, Pakistan

Naseer, Muhammad Asad ur Rehman; Ashfaq, Muhammad; Razzaq, Amar; Ali, Qamar

doi:10.1007/s10333-019-00780-9

Cited by 24 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In addition, 63% of the country's total agricultural area is in Punjab province (Naseer et al, 2016). Due to fluctuations in surface water provided by canal network, farmers in some areas entirely depend on groundwater irrigation (Imran et al, 2018;Razzaq et al, 2018;Naseer et al, 2020).…”

Section: The Sampling Frame and Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Sustainable Water Use: Factors Influencing Farmers’ Participation in the Informal Groundwater Markets in Pakistan

Razzaq

Xiao

Zhou

et al. 2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Informal groundwater markets have spontaneously developed in Pakistan due to the heterogeneity of farmers’ resource endowments, irrigation water shortages, and productivity gains of groundwater. Evidence shows that water allocation through formal or informal water markets can result in significant benefits for buyers and sellers and improve sustainable water use. Existing literature on water markets generally takes only buyers’ perspectives into account when studying the factors influencing the purchase of groundwater for irrigation. In contrast, we look at the perspectives of both buyers and sellers to investigate farmers’ participation in informal water markets. We conducted this study in the three agroecological zones of Punjab. The data was collected from a sample size of 360 farmers, with an equal proportion of water buyers, sellers, and self-users. Cragg’s double hurdle model was used to investigate the factors influencing the extent of water buying or selling. Results of the demand side analysis show that educated has negative correlation with water market participation and level of water purchasing. In addition, large farmers are less likely to buy water, indicating that the majority of farmers in water markets are smallholders. However, the degree of land fragmentation, soil fertility, and adoption of improved seeds each have may increase water market participation. Water cost and farmers’ family size has negative impact on level of water purchasing. The results of supply side analysis show that tubewell capacity, degree of land fragmentation, and the number of operational tubewells at a given farm have a positive relationship with the likelihood of selling water. When it comes to the amount of water sold, two factors that positively influence the extent of water selling are the income from water sales and the degree of land fragmentation. Finally, we discuss the implications of these results for sustainable water extraction in the water markets.

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Section: The Sampling Frame and Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Sustainable Water Use: Factors Influencing Farmers’ Participation in the Informal Groundwater Markets in Pakistan

Razzaq

Xiao

Zhou

et al. 2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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“…Pakistan's agricultural economy is the main contributor to national GDP and is largely dependent on irrigation systems [20]. The scarcity of irrigation water poses serious threats to the sustainability of Pakistan's agriculture [28]. Due to insufficient and uneven surface water supply, farmers are increasingly using groundwater to supplement their irrigation needs [21].…”

Section: Study Area and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Institutional Features on the Overall Performance Assessment of Participatory Irrigation Management: Farmers’ Response from Pakistan

Ahmad

Pham

Ashfaq

et al. 2020

Water

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The basic objective of the irrigation reforms, i.e., participatory irrigation management in Pakistan, was a better economic and financial management of irrigation service delivery, equity in water distribution, and better environmental outcome. The aim of this study was to assess the optimism with the reforms package that has actually delivered expected outcomes. For this purpose, this study used a cross-sectional dataset of 567 farmers in five selected Area Water Boards (AWBs) of Punjab and Sindh provinces of Pakistan. Important institutional features including compliance, adaptiveness, clarity of objectives, good interaction, and appropriate scale, were modeled through structural equation modeling on the overall performance assessment of water use associations from a farmer’s perspective. Results suggested that clear objectives, adaptiveness, scale, and compliance show a strong relationship with an overall assessment of performance. While good interaction has not impacted significantly with an overall performance assessment. The impact of institutional feature on the overall performance assessment depends on the nature of performance considered, e.g., drivers of the economic performance of a farmer organization may not be the same as the drivers of its environmental performance. Besides offering insights on specific drivers that matter for a particular dimension of the institutional performance of farmer organizations, the study suggests that participatory irrigation management institutions are still in infancy even after decades of their introduction, and just creating institutions is neither mandatory nor sufficient. Furthermore, the institutional designs are considered critical for the success of participatory institutions. Therefore, there is a need to consider the conformity of the strategies with the existing norms and compliance to the on-going procedures.

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“…Additionally, paddy rice agriculture substantially affects various environmental factors. For instance, paddy rice is a major water-intensive crop in Asia and plays an essential role in water resource security [4,5], and is a crucial factor for greenhouse gas (methane) emissions [6,7]. It has been generally recognized that double-cropping rice is more costly than singlecropping rice and uses more water because double-cropping is the practice of growing two rice crops in the same piece of land during one year instead of just one.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping Paddy Rice Distribution and Cropping Intensity in China from 2014 to 2019 with Landsat Images, Effective Flood Signals, and Google Earth Engine

et al. 2022

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Paddy rice cropping systems play a vital role in food security, water use, gas emission estimates, and grain yield prediction. Due to alterations in the labor structure and the high cost of paddy rice planting, the paddy rice cropping systems (single or double paddy rice) have drastically changed in China in recent years; many double-cropping paddy rice fields have been converted to single-cropping paddy rice or other crops, especially in southern China. Few maps detect single and double paddy rice and cropping intensity for paddy rice (CIPR) in China with a 30 m resolution. The Landsat-based and effective flooding signal-based phenology (EFSP) method, which distinguishes CIPR with the frequency of the effective flooding signal (EFe), was proposed and tested in China. The cloud/ice/shadow was excluded by bit arithmetic, generating a good observation map, and several non-paddy rice masks were established to improve the classification accuracy. Threshold values for single and double paddy rice were calculated through the mapped data and agricultural census data. Image processing (more than 684,000 scenes) and algorithm implementation were accomplished by a cloud computing approach with the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The resultant maps of paddy rice from 2014 to 2019 were evaluated with data from statistical yearbooks and high-resolution images, with producer (user) accuracy and kappa coefficients ranging from 0.92 to 0.96 (0.76–0.87) and 0.67–0.80, respectively. Additionally, the determination coefficients for mapped and statistical data were higher than 0.88 from 2014 to 2019. Maps derived from EFSP illustrate that the single and double paddy rice systems are mainly concentrated in the Cfa (warm, fully humid, and hot summer, 49% vs. 56%) climate zone in China and show a slightly decreasing trend. The trend of double paddy rice is more pronounced than that of single paddy rice due to the high cost and shortages of rural household labor. However, single paddy rice fields expanded in Dwa (cold, dry winter, and hot summer, 11%) and Dwb (cold, dry winter, and warm summer, 9%) climate zones. The regional cropping intensity for paddy rice coincides with the paddy rice planting area but shows a significant decrease in south China, especially in Hunan Province, from 2014 to 2019. The results demonstrate that EFSP can effectively support the mapping of single and double paddy rice fields and CIPR in China, and the combinations of Landsat 7 and 8 provide enough good observations for EFSP to monitor paddy rice agriculture.

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Comparison of water use efficiency, profitability and consumer preferences of different rice varieties in Punjab, Pakistan

Cited by 24 publications

References 17 publications

Towards Sustainable Water Use: Factors Influencing Farmers’ Participation in the Informal Groundwater Markets in Pakistan

Towards Sustainable Water Use: Factors Influencing Farmers’ Participation in the Informal Groundwater Markets in Pakistan

Impact of Institutional Features on the Overall Performance Assessment of Participatory Irrigation Management: Farmers’ Response from Pakistan

Mapping Paddy Rice Distribution and Cropping Intensity in China from 2014 to 2019 with Landsat Images, Effective Flood Signals, and Google Earth Engine

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