“…used the same mouthpiece sensors as the current study and reported the highest head kinematics resulting from goal kicks, followed by corner kicks, and free kicks. 11 The magnitude of the head kinematics reported by Filben et al . are substantially higher than the long kick ball delivery category in the current study, possibly due to the inclusion of a higher proportion of game data.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…Such mouthpiece sensors are easily adopted in sports such as soccer, where athletes do not typically wear mouthguards, and have been piloted in U13–U14 girls soccer, 33 , 41 , 49 and collegiate women’s soccer. 11 …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Since the publication of the systematic review, only one study has applied mouthpiece sensors to collegiate women’s soccer. 11 Based on the limitations presented by the recent systematic review, soccer head impact exposure studies need to include both practices and games, include older athletes, and capture both linear and angular head kinematics using validated sensors.…”
Soccer is a unique sport where players purposefully and voluntarily use their unprotected heads to manipulate the direction of the ball. There are limited soccer head impact exposure data to further study brain injury risks. The objective of the current study was to combine validated mouthpiece sensors with comprehensive video analysis methods to characterize head impact exposure and biomechanics in university varsity women’s soccer. Thirteen female soccer athletes were instrumented with mouthpiece sensors to record on-field head impacts during practices, scrimmages, and games. Multi-angle video was obtained and reviewed for all on-field activity to verify mouthpiece impacts and identify contact scenarios. We recorded 1307 video-identified intentional heading impacts and 1011 video-verified sensor impacts. On average, athletes experienced 1.83 impacts per athlete-exposure, with higher exposure in practices than games/scrimmages. Median and 95th percentile peak linear and peak angular accelerations were 10.0, 22.2 g, and 765, 2296 rad/s
2
, respectively. Long kicks, top of the head impacts and jumping headers resulted in the highest impact kinematics. Our results demonstrate the importance of investigating and monitoring head impact exposure during soccer practices, as well as the opportunity to limit high-kinematics impact exposure through heading technique training and reducing certain contact scenarios.
“…used the same mouthpiece sensors as the current study and reported the highest head kinematics resulting from goal kicks, followed by corner kicks, and free kicks. 11 The magnitude of the head kinematics reported by Filben et al . are substantially higher than the long kick ball delivery category in the current study, possibly due to the inclusion of a higher proportion of game data.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…Such mouthpiece sensors are easily adopted in sports such as soccer, where athletes do not typically wear mouthguards, and have been piloted in U13–U14 girls soccer, 33 , 41 , 49 and collegiate women’s soccer. 11 …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Since the publication of the systematic review, only one study has applied mouthpiece sensors to collegiate women’s soccer. 11 Based on the limitations presented by the recent systematic review, soccer head impact exposure studies need to include both practices and games, include older athletes, and capture both linear and angular head kinematics using validated sensors.…”
Soccer is a unique sport where players purposefully and voluntarily use their unprotected heads to manipulate the direction of the ball. There are limited soccer head impact exposure data to further study brain injury risks. The objective of the current study was to combine validated mouthpiece sensors with comprehensive video analysis methods to characterize head impact exposure and biomechanics in university varsity women’s soccer. Thirteen female soccer athletes were instrumented with mouthpiece sensors to record on-field head impacts during practices, scrimmages, and games. Multi-angle video was obtained and reviewed for all on-field activity to verify mouthpiece impacts and identify contact scenarios. We recorded 1307 video-identified intentional heading impacts and 1011 video-verified sensor impacts. On average, athletes experienced 1.83 impacts per athlete-exposure, with higher exposure in practices than games/scrimmages. Median and 95th percentile peak linear and peak angular accelerations were 10.0, 22.2 g, and 765, 2296 rad/s
2
, respectively. Long kicks, top of the head impacts and jumping headers resulted in the highest impact kinematics. Our results demonstrate the importance of investigating and monitoring head impact exposure during soccer practices, as well as the opportunity to limit high-kinematics impact exposure through heading technique training and reducing certain contact scenarios.
“…A common threshold in the literature is 10g as accelerations under 10g are often associated with indirect HAEs; 27 , 64 however, an increasing number of studies have used a 5g threshold as many HAEs are potentially missed, or not recorded, with higher thresholds. 26 , 44 Once triggered, the device records some duration of pre- and post-trigger data, which is stored on-board and/or wirelessly transmitted to a sideline receiver or synchronized data collection device. Figure 2 Common methods to establish a final dataset of valid HAE events.…”
Wearable sensors are an important tool in the study of head acceleration events and head impact injuries in sporting and military activities. Recent advances in sensor technology have improved our understanding of head kinematics during on-field activities; however, proper utilization and interpretation of data from wearable devices requires careful implementation of best practices. The objective of this paper is to summarize minimum requirements and best practices for on-field deployment of wearable devices for the measurement of head acceleration events in vivo to ensure data evaluated are representative of real events and limitations are accurately defined. Best practices covered in this document include the definition of a verified head acceleration event, data windowing, video verification, advanced post-processing techniques, and on-field logistics, as determined through review of the literature and expert opinion. Careful use of best practices, with accurate acknowledgement of limitations, will allow research teams to ensure data evaluated is representative of real events, will improve the robustness of head acceleration event exposure studies, and generally improve the quality and validity of research into head impact injuries.
“…The development of such a model will require good knowledge of the factors potentially affecting exposure, i.e., the so called "exposure determinants", but databases of exposure measurements that could support such a development are not currently available. In addition, previous review studies of the published literature in acceleration from heading have been primarily descriptive [21,22] or were performed on an ad hoc basis aiming, for example, either to evaluate the magnitude of related impacts across different sports [23] or to discuss the effects of single factors such as neck strength [24] or age [25].…”
Epidemiological studies of the neurological health of former professional soccer players are being undertaken to identify whether heading the ball is a risk factor for disease or premature death. A quantitative estimate of exposure to repeated sub-concussive head impacts would provide an opportunity to investigate possible exposure-response relationships. However, it is unclear how to formulate an appropriate exposure metric within the context of epidemiological studies. We have carried out a systematic review of the scientific literature to identify the factors that determine the magnitude of head impact acceleration during experiments and from observations during playing or training for soccer, up to the end of November 2021. Data were extracted from 33 experimental and 27 observational studies from male and female amateur players including both adults and children. There was a high correlation between peak linear and angular accelerations in the observational studies (p < 0.001) although the correlation was lower for the experimental data. We chose to rely on an analysis of maximum or peak linear acceleration for this review. Differences in measurement methodology were identified as important determinants of measured acceleration, and we concluded that only data from accelerometers fixed to the head provided reliable information about the magnitude of head acceleration from soccer-related impacts. Exposures differed between men and women and between children and adults, with women on average experiencing higher acceleration but less frequent impacts. Playing position appears to have some influence on the number of heading impacts but less so on the magnitude of the head acceleration. Head-to-head collisions result in high levels of exposure and thus probably risk causing a concussion. We concluded, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that estimates of the cumulative number of heading impacts over a playing career should be used as the main exposure metric in epidemiological studies of professional players.
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