Comparison of wood density in roots and stems of black spruce before and after commercial thinning

Lemay, Audrey; Krause, Cornélia; Achim, Alexis

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2017.10.042

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In contrast, Amoah et al (2012) investigated the physical and mechanical properties of branch, stem, and root wood from the tropical trees Iroko (Milicia excelsa) and Emire (Terminalia ivorensis) and concluded that the root woods of both species exhibited the highest basic densities compared with those of branch and trunk. The same results were obtained by Lemay et al (2018), who showed that the density of the root wood of the black spruce (Picea mariana) was higher than that of the trunk wood. These authors argued that the greater density protects the xylem of the roots, which present higher hydraulic stress, thereby avoiding the PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Fortunel et al (2014), Amoah et al (2012), andVurdu (1977) are examples of these studies. This lack of research is primarily because of the difficulty of accessing roots and the lack of commercial interest (Fortunel et al 2014;Lemay et al 2018). Because of this knowledge gap, the properties of roots are generally assumed to be equivalent to those of the trunk; however, this assumption may be incorrect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasound test for root wood elastomechanical characterization

Cavalcanti

Gonçalves

Brazolin

et al. 2018

BioRes

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The objective of this study was to verify the applicability and preliminary results of an ultrasound methodology for the complete characterization of root wood. The tests utilized six species: Swietenia macrophylla, Gallesia integrifólia, Swietenia sp., Schinus molle, Handroanthus heptaphyllus, and Acrocarpus fraxinifolius. The results show expected elastic ratios between properties, indicating that although the properties can differ numerically from roots and other parts of the tree, the orthotropic wood behavior is maintained. The root densities were higher than those reported in the literature for trunk wood, but direct relationships among high density and stiffness or strength properties were not observed. The ultrasound tests allowed 12 elastic constants of root wood to be obtained and were feasible for root dimensions because only one specimen was required.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound test for root wood elastomechanical characterization

Cavalcanti

Gonçalves

Brazolin

et al. 2018

BioRes

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“…Across the tree ring, the increasing proportion of cell wall per cell diameter describes the general pattern of tree‐ring density, which culminates in latewood (Preston et al ., 2006; Björklund et al ., 2017). A higher micro‐density, produced from an increasing wall/lumen ratio, mirrors changes in the proportion of carbon invested, on the one hand, to promote cell enlargement and primary wall expansion and, on the other hand, to synthesize secondary wall components (Deslauriers et al ., 2016; Lemay et al ., 2017). During tracheid differentiation, carbon is required primarily to sustain cell expansion, preventing cell lysis through the deposition of an extensible primary wall, which is able to contain the high amount of water needed to maintain turgor pressure for enlargement (Steppe et al ., 2015; Zarra et al ., 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and developmental factors driving xylem anatomy and micro‐density in black spruce

et al. 2021

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Wood density is the product of carbon allocation for structural growth and reflects the trade-off between mechanical support and water conductivity. We tested a conceptual framework based on the assumption that micro-density depends on direct and indirect relationships with endogenous and exogenous factors. The dynamics of wood formation, including timings and rates of cell division, cell enlargement, and secondary wall deposition, were assessed from microcores collected weekly between 2002 and 2016 from five black spruce stands located along a latitudinal gradient in Quebec, Canada. Cell anatomy and micro-density were recorded by anatomical analyses and X-ray measurements. Our structural equation model explained 80% of micro-density variation within the treering with direct effects of wall thickness (r = 0.61), cell diameter (r = À0.51), and photoperiod (r = À0.26). Wood formation dynamics had an indirect effect on micro-density. Micro-density increased under longer periods of cell-wall deposition and shorter durations of enlargement. Our results fill a critical gap in understanding the relationships underlying micro-density variation in conifers. We demonstrated that short-term responses to environmental variations could be overridden by plastic responses that modulate cell differentiation. Our results point to wood formation dynamics as a reliable predictor of carbon allocation in trees.

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“…More serious with respect to our goal of comparing wood density across age groups would be a case where the specific gravity of wood added by individual trees changes as the trees age. Investigations into this question, though, have shown wood density to vary only slightly as a function of tree age and factors such as competition that may co-vary with tree age [30,31]. Treating WSG as a constant also ignores variation that may occur across ecological gradients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Stability of Mean Wood Specific Gravity across Stand Age in US Forests Despite Species Turnover

Healey

Menlove

2019

Forests

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Research Highlights: Estimates using measurements from a sample of approximately 132,000 field plots imply that while the species composition of US forests varies substantially across different age groups, the specific gravity of wood in those forests does not. This suggests that models using increasingly accurate spaceborne measurements of tree size to model forest biomass do not need to consider stand age as a covariate, greatly reducing model complexity and calibration data requirements. Background and Objectives: Upcoming lidar and radar platforms will give us unprecedented information about how big the trees around the world are. To estimate biomass from these measurements, one must know if tall trees in young stands have the same biomass density as trees of equal size in older stands. Conventional succession theory suggests that fast-growing pioneers often have lower wood (and biomass) density than the species that eventually dominate older stands. Materials and Methods: We used a nationally consistent database of field measurements to analyze patterns of both wood specific gravity (WSG) across age groups in the United States and changes of species composition that would explain any shifts in WSG. Results: Shifts in species composition were observed across 12 different ecological divisions within the US, reflecting both successional processes and management history impacts. However, steady increases in WSG with age were not observed, and WSG differences were much larger across ecosystems than across within-ecosystem age groups. Conclusions: With no strong evidence that age is important in specifying how much biomass to ascribe to trees of a particular size, field data collection can focus on acquiring reference data in poorly sampled ecosystems instead of expanding existing samples to include a range of ages for each level of canopy height.

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Comparison of wood density in roots and stems of black spruce before and after commercial thinning

Cited by 7 publications

References 46 publications

Ultrasound test for root wood elastomechanical characterization

Ultrasound test for root wood elastomechanical characterization

Environmental and developmental factors driving xylem anatomy and micro‐density in black spruce

The Stability of Mean Wood Specific Gravity across Stand Age in US Forests Despite Species Turnover

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