Comparison, within-session repeatability and normative data of three phoria tests

Facchin, Alessio; Maffioletti, Silvio

doi:10.1016/j.optom.2020.05.007

Cited by 10 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The two terms reliability and repeatability have been used in the same way in the case of the DEM test, even though they themselves express different concepts. 61 In test-retest studies, ICC or others correlations were used for repeatability. In combination with this approach, the agreement analyses and Bland Altman plot and calculation were used and the mean bias between sessions compared.…”

Section: Repeatabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Spotlight on the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) Test

Facchin¹

2021

OPTO

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The developmental eye movement (DEM) test is a practical and simple method for assessing and quantifying ocular motor skills in children. In this review, a summary of the literature relevant to the DEM test has been made, its psychometric properties and its pros and cons have also been considered. The DEM test provides clinicians with a simple method of measuring eye movement using a psychometric test. Over the years, many studies have enabled the identification of the strengthens and weaknesses of this test apart from outlining the psychometric properties. The validity of the test has been checked and expanded over time and studies have shown that the DEM test measures an aspect of eye movement related to reading, rather than purely parameters associated with eye-movement. Some reservations have emerged regarding the repeatability of the test because a degree of learning effect emerges over multiple sessions. Being aware of this point allows correct clinical application and interpretation of the test. Normative data in children were available for nine languages and countries. So far, DEM test could be applied clinically in each case when a rapid test of eye movement was required, such as in testing for vision-related visual problems.

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Section: Repeatabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Spotlight on the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) Test

Facchin¹

2021

OPTO

Self Cite

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“…To find differences and similarities among them, the gathered data about the magnitude of phorias at distance and near was statistically analyzed and compared. Previous studies on the comparison of near-dissociated phoria state in free space exist, but Howell test was not included in any of them [10][11][12]. The Thorington test which has been compared to the alternate Cover test, von Graefe technique, and Maddox test, is not interchangeable with any of them, and any relationships found, were from medium to low [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies on the comparison of near-dissociated phoria state in free space exist, but Howell test was not included in any of them [10][11][12]. The Thorington test which has been compared to the alternate Cover test, von Graefe technique, and Maddox test, is not interchangeable with any of them, and any relationships found, were from medium to low [11,12]. Moreover, the above-mentioned studies have been performed in adults, whereas our sample consisted of 220 healthy children, mean age 8.3 ± 2.5 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and Comparison of the Dissociated Phoria State at Rear and Distance Fixation of Children, Using Three Different Techniques and the Prediction of Their Binocular State

Ibrahimi¹,

Rodríguez‐Reséndiz²

2023

Preprint

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Purpose: This research, compared the dissociated phoria state at near and distance fixation in free space, using three different techniques; the Howell test, alternate Cover test and Thorington test. Methods: A total of 220 healthy Mexican children from Querétaro, 5.06 to 17.11 years of age, participated in this study. The magnitude of phorias at both distances was quantified using each of the tests, starting from the least to the most disruptive one. The degree of stereopsis, break, and recovery value of the near point of convergence were also analyzed to understand the interaction among them and their impact on the sensorimotor balance of the visual system. Results: Despite their different ways of dissociation, for patients with exophoria or esophoria at near, the alternate Cover test and Thorington provide similar values. If examining the exophoria state at distance, the alternate Cover and Howell test are similar, whereas for the esophoria, the alternate Cover and Thorington give similar results. The break value and the magnitude of exophoria at near can predict the stereopsis degree. The break value and the magnitude of exophoria are related to each other. Gender doesn´t relate to any variable, whereas age, is associated with the degree of stereopsis and the break of NPC. Conclusions: The statistical analysis showed that the alternate Cover and Thorington test, despite their different ways of dissociation, can substitute one another, whereas the Howell test, cannot be interchangeable with the other two. The different way of dissociation this test uses, can be related to the obtained results. By analyzing the crucial elements of the binocular visual system, can help professionals determine the interaction among them and their impact on its sensorimotor balance.

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“…Heterophoria may be defined as a misalignment in the horizontal, vertical or cyclo-directions that is corrected by fusional reserves or disparity vergence. 8 Heterophoria is compensated for by fusional vergences through the mechanisms that involve both sensory and motor fusion. Esophoria (SOP) is present when the visual axes of each eye cross at a point in front of the object of regard or target, while exophoria (XOP) occurs when the visual axes intersect beyond the object of regard when all stimuli to fusion is interrupted or absent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although these tests have some common features and are all used in clinical practice, they may differ in their measurements. 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 Factors that may affect heterophoria measurement include the technique used for dissociation, ability to control accommodation adequately, the length of time that fusion is suspended, the method by which heterophoria is quantified and the level of proximal convergence induced. 2 Each test presents different constraints that must be considered when used to assess heterophoria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of Modified Thorington to the prism cover, von Graefe and Maddox rod tests

Metsing

Mathebula

2022

Afr. vis. eye health

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Background: Heterophoria measurement is important in the evaluation of binocular vision. There are many different methods of heterophoria measurement. There are various methods of heterophoria measurements, and studies have compared different methods, some reporting little difference between the methods while others reported that measures can be significantly different.Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare heterophoria measurements obtained using four clinical methods, that is, the modified Thorington test (MTT) on the Bernell Muscle Imbalance Measure (MIM) with those obtained from the prism cover test (PCT), Von Graefe test (VGT) and Maddox rod test (MRT), and thereby to establish their interchangeability.Setting: The study was performed at an optometric clinic within a South African university.Methods: Dissociated near horizontal heterophoria was measured on a sample of 30 optometry students (ages 19–25 years) using the PCT, VGT, MRT and MTT. Three measurements for each of the four tests per participant were obtained, and thereafter the means were applied in analysis of the results. Agreement between paired tests was assessed using Bland–Altman plots.Results: The means for near or proximal heterophoria obtained using the four tests were −2.63 ± 1.9Δ, −2.90 ± 1.7Δ, −3.37 ± 2.0Δ and −2.47 ± 1.9Δ, with a strong correlation for each pair (p = 0.00) (minus signs indicate exophoria [XOP]). Among the different combinations of tests, the MTT and PCT showed the best agreement, although the reliability was good for all four tests.Conclusion: The measurement of near heterophoria can best be quantified either using the MTT or PCT because they showed the greatest level of agreement.

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Comparison, within-session repeatability and normative data of three phoria tests

Cited by 10 publications

References 34 publications

Spotlight on the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) Test

Spotlight on the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) Test

Evaluation and Comparison of the Dissociated Phoria State at Rear and Distance Fixation of Children, Using Three Different Techniques and the Prediction of Their Binocular State

Comparative analysis of Modified Thorington to the prism cover, von Graefe and Maddox rod tests

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