“…By using the RF algorithm, the better prediction performance was produced than ANN, SVM, Regression Decision Tree, Ridge Regression (RR), or Stepwise Regression (SR) in some issues, such as aqueous solubility prediction in medicine development, 18) mineral distribution prediction in mineral exploration, 19) soil organic carbon prediction in environmental science 20,21) or material properties prediction in metallurgical engineering. 22) For the GBDT algorithm, there are two novel efficient implementations proposed in recent years, which are eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM). The better performance of XGBoost or LightGBM has been shown in assessing the potential toxicities of pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals, 23) price prediction, 24,25) risk prediction in the financial industry, 26) global solar radiation prediction for the use of renewable energy, 27) prediction of the bioactive molecule and protein-protein interactions in the chemical and biological fields, 28,29) compared to ANN, DNN, SVM, RF, k-nearest neighbor (KNN), autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) or Naïve Bayes (NB).…”