Comparisons of α2-Adrenergic Agents, Medetomidine and Xylazine, with Pentobarbital for Anesthesia: Important Pitfalls in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Rats

Connell, Anna R.; Hookham, Michelle B.; Fu, Dongxu; Brazil, Derek P.; Lyons, Timothy; Yu, Yongxin

doi:10.1089/jop.2021.0084

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Stability in blood glucose is clinically beneficial in reliably monitoring rats' well-being [31] and differentiating from stress-induced hyperglycaemia or other disease processes. Moreover, stability in blood glucose may be of interest in experimental glucosesensitive measurement and imaging protocols [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of vatinoxan in rats sedated with a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl

Lindh,

Meller,

Raekallio

2024

Acta Vet Scand

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Background Alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists (α2-agonists) are widely used in animals as sedatives and for pre-anaesthetic medication. Medetomidine has often been given subcutaneously (SC) to rats, although its absorption rate is slow and the individual variation in serum drug concentrations is high via this route. In addition, α2-agonists have various effects on metabolic and endocrine functions such as hypoinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia and diuresis. Vatinoxan is a peripherally acting α2-adrenoceptor antagonist that, as a hydrophilic molecule, does not cross the blood-brain barrier in significant quantities and thus alleviates peripheral cardiovascular effects and adverse metabolic effects of α2-agonists. Aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of vatinoxan on sedation, blood glucose concentration, voiding and heart and respiratory rates and arterial oxygen saturation in rats sedated with subcutaneous medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl. Results Onset of sedation and loss of righting reflex occurred significantly faster with vatinoxan [5.35 ± 1.08 (mean ± SD) versus 12.97 ± 6.18 min and 6.53 ± 2.18 versus 14.47 ± 7.28 min, respectively]. No significant differences were detected in heart and respiratory rates and arterial oxygen saturation between treatments. Blood glucose concentration (18.3 ± 3.6 versus 11.8 ± 1.2 mmol/L) and spontaneous urinary voiding [35.9 (15.1–41.6), range (median) versus 0.9 (0–8.0) mL /kg/min] were significantly higher without vatinoxan. Conclusions Acceleration of induction of sedation, alleviation of hyperglycaemia and prevention of profuse diuresis by vatinoxan may be beneficial when sedating rats for clinical and experimental purposes with subcutaneous medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of vatinoxan in rats sedated with a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl

Lindh,

Meller,

Raekallio

2024

Acta Vet Scand

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“…For example, Nair and colleagues have compared effects of common sedative drugs, and they found that ketamine/xylazine (which similarly to medetomidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist [ 87 , 88 ]) reduced eye movement as effectively as 1% isoflurane with the muscle relaxant pancuronium [ 89 ]. Besides being a well-established sedative for fMRI, medetomidine has shown to elicit higher electroretinogram responses than ketamine/xylazine [ 90 ]. Due to the long duration of our scanning sessions and the need to have sedated animals with minimal eye movement and strong retinal responses/visual function, we chose medetomidine as the sedative.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extensive topographic remapping and functional sharpening in the adult rat visual pathway upon first visual experience

Carvalho,

Fernandes,

Shemesh

2023

PLoS Biol

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Understanding the dynamics of stability/plasticity balances during adulthood is pivotal for learning, disease, and recovery from injury. However, the brain-wide topography of sensory remapping remains unknown. Here, using a first-of-its-kind setup for delivering patterned visual stimuli in a rodent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner, coupled with biologically inspired computational models, we noninvasively mapped brain-wide properties—receptive fields (RFs) and spatial frequency (SF) tuning curves—that were insofar only available from invasive electrophysiology or optical imaging. We then tracked the RF dynamics in the chronic visual deprivation model (VDM) of plasticity and found that light exposure progressively promoted a large-scale topographic remapping in adult rats. Upon light exposure, the initially unspecialized visual pathway progressively evidenced sharpened RFs (smaller and more spatially selective) and enhanced SF tuning curves. Our findings reveal that visual experience following VDM reshapes both structure and function of the visual system and shifts the stability/plasticity balance in adults.

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“…Alpha-2 agonists are also known to cause neuroendocrine changes, including blocking insulin release from beta cells and elevating blood glucose levels ( 95 ). These effects were demonstrated in a study by Connell et al ( 96 ), who monitored blood glucose levels of diabetic and non-diabetic rats anesthetized with xylazine, medetomidine or pentobarbital. The authors found that both medetomidine and xylazine, but not pentobarbital, elicited marked hyperglycemia in non-diabetic rats.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of stress and anesthesia on animal models of infectious disease

Layton

Beggs

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Stress and general anesthesia have an impact on the functional response of the organism due to the detrimental effects on cardiovascular, immunological, and metabolic function, which could limit the organism's response to an infectious event. Animal studies have formed an essential step in understanding and mitigating infectious diseases, as the complexities of physiology and immunity cannot yet be replicated in vivo. Using animals in research continues to come under increasing societal scrutiny, and it is therefore crucial that the welfare of animals used in disease research is optimized to meet both societal expectations and improve scientific outcomes. Everyday management and procedures in animal studies are known to cause stress, which can not only cause poorer welfare outcomes, but also introduces variables in disease studies. Whilst general anesthesia is necessary at times to reduce stress and enhance animal welfare in disease research, evidence of physiological and immunological disruption caused by general anesthesia is increasing. To better understand and quantify the effects of stress and anesthesia on disease study and welfare outcomes, utilizing the most appropriate animal monitoring strategies is imperative. This article aims to analyze recent scientific evidence about the impact of stress and anesthesia as uncontrolled variables, as well as reviewing monitoring strategies and technologies in animal models during infectious diseases.

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Comparisons of α2-Adrenergic Agents, Medetomidine and Xylazine, with Pentobarbital for Anesthesia: Important Pitfalls in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Rats

Cited by 8 publications

References 56 publications

Effects of vatinoxan in rats sedated with a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl

Effects of vatinoxan in rats sedated with a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl

Extensive topographic remapping and functional sharpening in the adult rat visual pathway upon first visual experience

The impact of stress and anesthesia on animal models of infectious disease

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