Division of the mammalian neostriatum into two intermingled compartments called striosomes and matrix has been established by analysis of enzyme activity, neuropeptide distribution, nucleic acid hybridization, and neurotransmitter receptor binding. Striosomes and matrix are distinct with respect to afferent and efferent connections, and these regions provide the potential for modulation and integration of information flow within basal ganglia circuitry. The primary neurotransmitters of corticostriatal afferents are excitatory amino acids, but to date no correlation of excitatory amino acid receptors and striatal compartments has been described. We examined binding to the three pharmacologically distinct ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate, a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid, and kainate, in human striatum using in vitro receptor autoradiography and compared the binding to striosomes and matrix histochemically dermed by acetylcholinesterase activity. Our findings reveal increased binding to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors in matrix relative to striosomes and increased kainate receptor binding in striosomes relative to matrix. These results suggest that afferent input to the two striatal compartments may be mediated by pharmacoloically distinct excitatory amino acid receptor subtypes.The mammalian neostriatum, composed of the caudate nucleus and putamen, participates in the modulation ofneuronal activity associated with cognitive, affective, and performance aspects of motor function. Abundant corticostriatal afferents from frontal, limbic, and primary sensorimotor cortex subserve these distinct but interrelated functions. Striatal efferents projecting to globus pallidus (GP) and substantia nigra (SN) integrate and modulate motor activities via direct and indirect pallidal motor circuits that ultimately project back to cerebral cortex. Recent evidence suggests that the neostriatum is able to maintain segregated information flow due to compartmentalization in mammalian caudate and putamen (1-11). Distinct regions within caudate and putamen have been defined in several species with histochemical techniques, in situ hybridization, and neurotransmitter receptor binding studies in rat (1,(12)(13)(14)(15), cat (10, 14, 16-20), primate (12, 14, 19-22), and human (20,(23)(24)(25)(26). These compartments, termed striosomes and matrix, exhibit distinct afferent and efferent connections. In rat, cat, and primate, striosomes receive input primarily from prefrontal cortex, insular cortex, and amygdala, whereas the major projection to matrix is from association and sensorimotor cortex (2,27,28). Within the feline and rat neostriatum, interneurons may function to allow striosomal/matrix interactions (29-31).Separate striatal circuitry is preserved for efferent connections of striatum, with striosomal neurons projecting mainly to the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the majority of matrix neurons projec...