Peroxisomes play key roles in energy metabolism, cell signaling, and plant development. A better understanding of these important functions will be achieved with a more complete definition of the peroxisome proteome. The isolation of peroxisomes and their separation from mitochondria and other major membrane systems have been significant challenges in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) model system. In this study, we present new data on the Arabidopsis peroxisome proteome obtained using two new technical advances that have not previously been applied to studies of plant peroxisomes. First, we followed density gradient centrifugation with free-flow electrophoresis to improve the separation of peroxisomes from mitochondria. Second, we used quantitative proteomics to identify proteins enriched in the peroxisome fractions relative to mitochondrial fractions. We provide evidence for peroxisomal localization of 89 proteins, 36 of which have not previously been identified in other analyses of Arabidopsis peroxisomes. Chimeric green fluorescent protein constructs of 35 proteins have been used to confirm their localization in peroxisomes or to identify endoplasmic reticulum contaminants. The distribution of many of these peroxisomal proteins between soluble, membrane-associated, and integral membrane locations has also been determined. This core peroxisomal proteome from nonphotosynthetic cultured cells contains a proportion of proteins that cannot be predicted to be peroxisomal due to the lack of recognizable peroxisomal targeting sequence 1 (PTS1) or PTS2 signals. Proteins identified are likely to be components in peroxisome biogenesis, b-oxidation for fatty acid degradation and hormone biosynthesis, photorespiration, and metabolite transport. A considerable number of the proteins found in peroxisomes have no known function, and potential roles of these proteins in peroxisomal metabolism are discussed. This is aided by a metabolic network analysis that reveals a tight integration of functions and highlights specific metabolite nodes that most probably represent entry and exit metabolites that could require transport across the peroxisomal membrane.Within the plant cell, energy metabolism is mainly distributed among three distinct organelles: plastids, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. Although the proteomes of both plastids and mitochondria have been investigated extensively, comparatively little systematic analysis of the protein content of plant peroxisomes has been undertaken. The main obstacle for proteomics of plant peroxisomes is the availability of purified organelles from model plants that are also amenable to mass spectrometry (MS)-based identification by matching to protein sequence data. Whereas the preparation of peroxisomes in sufficient amounts and purity from spinach (Spinacia oleracea), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), pea (Pisum sativum), and soybean (Glycine max) for proteomic purposes is possible (Schwitzguebel and Siegenthaler, 1984;Corpas et al., 1994;Lopez-Huertas et al., 1999;Arai et al., 2008), the ...