Compensatory Base Changes Reveal Sexual Incompatibility among Members of the Anopheles subpictus Sensu Lato (Diptera: Culicidae) Species Complex in Sri Lanka

Jayatunga, Dona Pamoda W.; Harischandra, I.N.; Chandrasekharan, N.V.; Silva, B. G. D. N. K. De

doi:10.3390/life11030211

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 62 publications

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“…Genetic diversity of ITS2 and COI sequences An . culicifacies species complex was obtained for the total number of sites (excluding sites with gaps / missing data) [ 25 ]. The number of variable sites, GC content, the total number of mutations, number of haplotypes, haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity and neutrality tests of Tajima’s D, Fu and Li’s D* test statistic, Fu and Li’s F* test statistic, Fu’s Fs statistic were obtained for both ITS2 sequences and COI sequences using DnaSP v5 software.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity, phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of Anopheles culicifacies species complex using ITS2 and COI sequences

Rathnayake,

Wedage,

Muthukumarana

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Anopheles culicifacies is the major vector of malaria in Sri Lanka and the Indian subcontinent which is characterized as a species complex with five sibling species provisionally designated as A, B, C, D and E. The current study was carried out to understand the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships between the sibling species of the species complex while observing their genetic diversity and genetic differentiation. Thirty-five ITS2 and seventy-seven COI sequences of An. culicifacies species complex reported from different geographical locations of Asia and China at the NCBI public database were used for the analysis. Bayesian likelihood trees were generated for the phylogenetic analysis. The divergence of the species complex was obtained from the Bayesian phylogeographic model in BEAST. There were two clades of the sibling species of An. culicifacies species complex as A, D and B, C and E in both phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis using ITS2 sequences. Based on the highly divergent COI sequences and the high mutation rate of the mitochondrial genome, there were four and three clades in both phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis using COI sequences. The diversification of An. culicifacies species complex was obtained as ranging from 20.25 to 24.12 Mya and 22.37 to 26.22 Mya based on ITS2 and COI phylogeographic analysis respectively. There was a recent diversification of the sibling species A and D than the sibling species B, C and E. Low haplotype diversity was observed in the sequences reported from Sri Lanka in both ITS2 and COI analysis that can be due to bottlenecks resulting from the intense malaria control efforts. A high genetic differentiation was achieved for some populations due to the large geographical distance. The high genetic diversity based on the five sibling species implies the possibility of maintaining a relatively high effective population size despite the vector control efforts.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity, phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of Anopheles culicifacies species complex using ITS2 and COI sequences

Rathnayake,

Wedage,

Muthukumarana

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) based molecular identification of malaria vectors from Bangsring Banyuwangi-Indonesia

Hasanah

Masuroh

Wahyuni

et al. 2022

APJMBB

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Since the malaria outbreak in 2011, the breeding place of Anopheles in Bangsring Village on Banyuwangi District has been monitored by District Public Health Office as part of a vector surveillance program. Morphological identification is still a standard tool to observe Anopheles occurrence and diversity, but the presence of cryptic species made it unreliable. In this study, a molecular approach called DNA barcoding technique was used to assist the morphology-based techniques to identify Anopheles species found in Bangsring. The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence was used as molecular marker. Based on the morphological features, we were able to identify Anopheles (An.) vagus, An. subpictus, An. sundaicus and An. aconitus. ITS2 sequences from the four identified species were then analyzed simultaneously with eighteen reference sequences from NCBI which had a high similarity of 98-100%. The NJ phylogenetic tree formed three major clades, where the two clades as monophyletic clades were An. vagus and An. aconitus. Another clade was formed as polyphyletic clade containing An. subpictus and An. sundaicus. Although An. subpictus and An. sundaicus were placed in the same clade, seven nucleotide differences were observed in their ITS2 sequence. The intra-specific variation of those two species was 0.08 and 0.49%, respectively, while the interspecific variation was 1.39%. Interspecific variation which was higher than the mean intra-specific variation might indicate that An. sundaicus and An. subpictus were a distantly species. However, the value of interspecific variation lower than 3% might also indicate that those species were classified as a complex species. All ITS2 sequences from morphologically identified species had similar results with molecular-based techniques. This result showed that molecular identification using the ITS2 sequence was reliable in supporting morphological identification among closely related anopheline mosquitoes and gave further information about their evolutionary divergence.

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Phylogenetic, phylogeographic and divergence time analysis of Anopheles subpictus species complex using ITS2 and COI sequences

Muthukumarana,

Wedage,

Rathnayake

et al. 2024

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine

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Objective: To address the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationship between different lineages of Anopheles (An.) subpictus species complex in most parts of the Asian continent by maximum utilization of Internal Transcriber Spacer 2 (ITS2) and cytochrome C oxidase I (COI) sequences deposited at the GenBank. Methods: Seventy-five ITS2, 210 COI and 26 concatenated sequences available in the NCBI database were used. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using Bayesian likelihood trees, whereas median-joining haplotype networks and time-scale divergence trees were generated for phylogeographic analysis. Genetic diversity indices and genetic differentiation were also calculated. Results: Two genetically divergent molecular forms of An. subpictus species complex corresponding to sibling species A and B are established. Species A evolved around 37-82 million years ago in Sri Lanka, India, and the Netherlands, and species B evolved around 22-79 million years ago in Sri Lanka, India, and Myanmar. Vietnam, Thailand, and Cambodia have two molecular forms: one is phylogenetically similar to species B. Other forms differ from species A and B and evolved recently in the above mentioned countries, Indonesia and the Philippines. Genetic subdivision among Sri Lanka, India, and the Netherlands is almost absent. A substantial genetic differentiation was obtained for some populations due to isolation by large geographical distances. Genetic diversity indices reveal the presence of a long-established stable mosquito population, at mutation-drift equilibrium, regardless of population fluctuations. Conclusions: An. subpictus species complex consists of more than two genetically divergent molecular forms. Species A is highly divergent from the rest. Sri Lanka and India contain only species A and B.

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Compensatory Base Changes Reveal Sexual Incompatibility among Members of the Anopheles subpictus Sensu Lato (Diptera: Culicidae) Species Complex in Sri Lanka

Cited by 3 publications

References 62 publications

Genetic diversity, phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of Anopheles culicifacies species complex using ITS2 and COI sequences

Genetic diversity, phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of Anopheles culicifacies species complex using ITS2 and COI sequences

Internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) based molecular identification of malaria vectors from Bangsring Banyuwangi-Indonesia

Phylogenetic, phylogeographic and divergence time analysis of Anopheles subpictus species complex using ITS2 and COI sequences

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