Compensatory media use: An exploration of two paradigms

Tsao, Jinshi

doi:10.1080/10510979609368466

Cited by 86 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The positive influence of loneliness on parasocial interaction with TV hosts supports Davis and Kraus's (1989) compensation hypothesis that people with little social contact, or greater loneliness, use mass media to compensate for social isolation. Although Tsao (1996) failed to find support for the deficiency paradigm in explaining parasocial interaction among younger consumers, the paradigm seems to be supported for older consumers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…However, in Chory-Assad and Yanen's (2005) study, loneliness among older consumers was positively related to a strong desire to be like their favorite TV personas. Davis and Kraus's compensation hypothesis is in line with Tsao's (1996) deficiency paradigm, the idea that people who are most likely to engage in heavy television consumption and high parasocial interaction seek compensation for their deprived social life. Tsao's deficiency paradigm, however, was tested with younger consumers and did not find the relationship between parasocial interaction and TV viewing among these younger consumers.…”

Section: Loneliness and Parasocial Interactionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Older consumers' Tv home shopping: Loneliness, parasocial interaction, and perceived convenience

Lim¹,

Kim

2011

Psychology and Marketing

111

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This study examined factors that affect consumer satisfaction with TV shopping by investigating both convenience-and emotion-related variables. Data were obtained from 295 online surveys with TV home shoppers who were 60 years and older. The structural model revealed (1) a positive effect of lack of shopping mobility on loneliness and perceived convenience of TV shopping, (2) a positive effect of loneliness on parasocial interaction, and (3) positive effects of parasocial interaction and perceived convenience on satisfaction with TV shopping. Results provide implications for TV shopping networks and producers. Parasocial interaction can be utilized to enhance the consumer experience by alleviating older consumers' loneliness, which ultimately leads to their satisfaction. Furthermore, convenience benefits of TV shopping can be emphasized to attract older consumers who have limited shopping mobility.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Loneliness and Parasocial Interactionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Older consumers' Tv home shopping: Loneliness, parasocial interaction, and perceived convenience

Lim¹,

Kim

2011

Psychology and Marketing

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Given the power of gaze in interpersonal settings, the strategic use of address as well as other visual techniques could be employed “to foster in viewers an illusion of intimacy with the characters (or personae) of television programs” (Tsao, , p. 89). For example, Meyrowitz's () notion of para‐proxemics holds that formal features of mediated messages (e.g., visual framing) can recreate aspects of interpersonal communication exchanges such as closeness or intimacy between viewers and a character.…”

Section: Psi and Addressing Stylementioning

confidence: 99%

Reconceptualizing Address in Television Programming: The Effect of Address and Affective Empathy on Viewer Experience of Parasocial Interaction

Cummins

Cui

2014

J Commun

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“…M. Rubin, 1982;Wenner, 1976). This reasoning, referred to as the compensation hypothesis (M. H. Davis & Kraus, 1989) or the deficiency paradigm (Tsao, 1996), has received weak and inconsistent support (M. H. Davis & Kraus, 1989). For example, studies of the general population show that parasocial interaction increases among lonely viewers (Nordlund, 1978) and as interpersonal alternatives decrease (Levy, 1979;Rosengren & Windahl, 1972).…”

Section: Hypotheses Psychological States and Involvementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hopelessness and Loneliness as Predictors of Older Adults' Involvement With Favorite Television Performers

Chory-Assad¹,

Yanen²

2005

Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media

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This study examined viewer involvement by investigating the relationships between parasocial interaction, wishful identification, identification, and interest, and hopelessness and loneliness among older participants (M age = 63 years). Results indicate that parasocial interaction and interest in favorite performer were closely related and that wishful identification and identification were closely related but that parasocial interaction and interest were not strongly associated with wishful identification and identification. Furthermore, the cognitive, affective, and motivational dimensions of hopelessness predicted different types of viewer involvement in different directions. Finally, loneliness predicted wishful identification and frequency of exposure was not related to involvement.To understand television use and its effects on audiences, scholars must investigate not only the quantity of television exposure and program preferences but viewers' character preferences and relationships with these characters (Cohen, 1999). Studying viewer-performer 1 relationships is important because they foster media effects (Cohen & Perse, 2003) as characters, not program happenings, are the primary means of audience influence (Rose, 1985).Involvement with television performers may be considered in terms of these viewer-performer relationships. Cohen (1999) identified such relationships, including parasocial interaction (viewer is in a role relationship with a television performer), wishful identification (viewer desires to imitate the performer; Hoffner, 1996), and identification (viewer shares performer's perspective). Auter and Palmgreen (2000) also identified viewer-performer relationships, including interest in favorite character (viewer cares about performer).The key theoretical goal of this study is to further explicate the differences among these four types of involvement by examining their associations with viewer hopeless-

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Compensatory media use: An exploration of two paradigms

Cited by 86 publications

References 42 publications

Older consumers' Tv home shopping: Loneliness, parasocial interaction, and perceived convenience

Older consumers' Tv home shopping: Loneliness, parasocial interaction, and perceived convenience

Reconceptualizing Address in Television Programming: The Effect of Address and Affective Empathy on Viewer Experience of Parasocial Interaction

Hopelessness and Loneliness as Predictors of Older Adults' Involvement With Favorite Television Performers

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