Competition and Blackbird Social Systems

Orians, Gordon H.; Collier, G. Donald

doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1963.tb03301.x

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In areas of dense vegetation aggression is ineffective in excluding speciosus and repeated encounters with this species are probably detrimental to amoenus and a/pinus in that their foraging time is decreased. Similar cases of aggression being disadvantageous to the aggressor have been reported by Pitelka (1951), Ripley (1959Ripley ( , 1961, Orians and Collier (1963), and a theoretical treatment has been offered by Hutchinson and MacArthur (1959).…”

Section: Evolution Of Aggressive Behavior In Eutamiassupporting

confidence: 71%

Altitudinal Zonation of Chipmunks (Eutamias): Interspecific Aggression

Heller

1971

Ecology

124

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Eutamias alpinus, E. speciosus, E. amoenus, and E. minimus are contiguously allopatric on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, California. This paper is part of a study of the factors determining the lines of contact between these contiguously allopatric populations. Overlapping fundamental niches and overlapping realized niches indicate that competitive exclusion has occurred. Patterns of intra— and interspecific aggression are described for these four species. The aggressive dominance of alpinus and amoenus explain the limited realized niches of speciosus and minimus. Hypotheses regarding the evolution of the patterns of aggressive behavior observed in these species are suggested. Aggression has been selected for in alpinus and amoenus because of a seasonal, potentially limited food supply which is economically defendable. Aggression has not been selected for in minimus because it is not metabolically feasible to engage in aggressive interactions in the hot sagebrush desert. Aggressive behavior has not been selected for in speciosus probably because of predator pressure and the seasonal abundance of food in its habitat.

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Section: Evolution Of Aggressive Behavior In Eutamiassupporting

confidence: 71%

Altitudinal Zonation of Chipmunks (Eutamias): Interspecific Aggression

Heller

1971

Ecology

124

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“…by individuals of another has been directly observed many times. The ecological consequence is that the former have been excluded from a feeding zone (Moore, 1964;Morse, 1967;Willis, 1966Willis, , 1968 or nesting habitat (Brian, 1956;Orians & Collier, 1963;Miller, 1968). Ecological displacement also occurs in the absence of aggression (De Bach, 1966).…”

Section: Conclusion and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Orians & Wilson (1964) drew attention to the fact that interspecific territoriality can be an alternative to divergent character displacement if one or more of the following conditions are met. The species (a) occupy simple habitats, (b) have stratified feeding habits, and (c) exploit the same food resource.…”

Section: Another Type Of Convergence: Communication Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such a difference in bill length strongly indicates a difference in diet (see also Jackson, 1938). I t is similarity, not difference, in diet which is a usual correlate of interspecific territoriality (Grant, 1966b;Orians & Wilson, 1964). Furthermore, strictly speaking the plumage characteristics of each species pair show parallelism (Hall et al, 1966) rather than convergence.…”

Section: Another Type Of Convergence: Communication Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Convergent and divergent character displacement

Grant¹

1972

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

627

557

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Consideration of the possibilities and difficulties of detecting character displacement leads to a re‐definition of the phenomenon; character displacement is the process by which a morphological character state of a species changes under Natural Selection arising from the presence, in the same environment, of one or more species similar to it ecologically and/or reproductively. This incorporates the principal ideas in the original definition given by Brown & Wilson (1956), but eliminates the restriction of making comparisons of the character states of a species in sympatry and allopatry. The evidence for the ecological (competitive) aspect of character displacement is assessed by analyzing in detail the best documented and well publicized examples in the literature. Some of the examples either do not exhibit displaced characters or, if they do, the “displacement” can be interpreted in other and perhaps simpler ways; this applies to the so‐called classical case of character displacement, Sitta tephronota and S. neumayer in Iran. Other examples, involving lizards and birds, constitute better evidence for character displacement, but in no single study is it entirely satisfactory. It is concluded that the evidence for the ecological aspect of character displacement is weak.

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“…This should favor the evolution of interspecific aggression and hence interspecific territoriality as a means of reducing interspecific competition (Orians and Willson 1964). This view is supported by observations on interspecific aggression and complete or partial interspecific territoriality between the following North American marsh-nesting passerines: red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) (Burt 1970;Fautin 1940;Linsdale 1938;Orians and Willson 1964), red-winged blackbirds and tricolored blackbirds (Agelaius tricolor) (Orians and Collier 1963), redwinged blackbirds and common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) (Nero 1956;Wiens 1965;Willson 1967), red-winged blackbirds and marsh wrens (Cistothorus palustris) (Burt 1970;Nero 1956;Orians and Willson 1964;Verner 1975;Picman 1980a), yellow-headed blackbirds and marsh wrens (Burt 1970;Orians and Willson 1964;Verner 1975;Willson 1966), marsh wrens and swamp sparrows (Melospiza georgiana) (Willson 1967), and swamp sparrows and song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) (Willson 1967). In addition to the above species known to interact frequently, Willson (1967) reported occasional interactions between song sparrows and marsh wrens, yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) and swamp sparrows, and between yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) and swamp sparrows.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Aggression by red-winged blackbirds towards marsh wrens

Picman¹

1983

Can. J. Zool.

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PICMAN, J. 1983. Aggression by red-winged blackbirds towards marsh wrens. Can. J. 2001Can. J. . 61: 1896Can. J. -1899 Marshes are simple, two-dimensional habitats that provide little opportunity for ecological specialization. This situation has most likely favored the evolution of interspecific aggression between red-winged blackbirds and marsh wrens. Redwings of both sexes are aggressive towards marsh wrens; however, the rate of redwing-wren agonistic interactions is determined by at least three factors: (i) sex of redwings (most interactions involved males); (ii) time of day (the rate of interactions is determined by territorial and foraging activities of these birds); and (iii) density of marsh wrens in an area (the rate of interactions increased with increasing density of marsh wrens in different areas). Since a consequence of this redwing aggression towards marsh wrens is partial interspecific territoriality, this behavior has presumably evolved as a mechanism reducing interference competition with marsh wrens. PICMAN, J. 1983. Aggression by red-winged blackbirds towards marsh wrens. Can. J. 2001. 61: 1896-1899.Les marais constituent des habitats a deux dimensions, simples, qui donnent lieu a peu de spicialisation Ccologique. Cette situation a vraisemblablement favorisi I'ivolution d'une agressiviti interspicifique entre les carouges a ipaulettes et les troglodytes des marais. Les carouges des deux sexes sont agressifs a l'igard des troglodytes des marais; cependant, le taux d'interactions agonistiques entre les deux especes est ditermini par au moins trois facteurs: (i) le sexe des carouges (la plupart des interactions sont l'apanage des miles); (ii) le moment de la journie (le taux d'interactions est ditermini par les activitis territoriales et alimentaires de ces oiseaux) et (iii) la densiti des troglodytes dans une rigion (le taux d'interactions augmente en fonction de la densiti des troglodytes en diffirentes rigions). I1 dicoule de cette agressiviti une territorialiti interspicifique partielle; ce comportement s'est donc probablement diveloppi comme micanisme propre a riduire les interferences compititives avec les troglodytes.[Traduit par le journal]

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Competition and Blackbird Social Systems

Cited by 29 publications

References 25 publications

Altitudinal Zonation of Chipmunks (Eutamias): Interspecific Aggression

Altitudinal Zonation of Chipmunks (Eutamias): Interspecific Aggression

Convergent and divergent character displacement

Aggression by red-winged blackbirds towards marsh wrens

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