Competition and reproduction in mixed infections of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Bacillus spp.

Ecological consequences of ingestion of Bacillus cereus on Bacillus thuringiensis infections and on the gut flora of a lepidopteran host

“…6). In contrast, previous work (Raymond et al, 2007a) has found that mixed infections with pasteurized spores of the same strains but with higher doses of Bt, result in antagonistic interactions and can lower mortality. Further investigation of the importance of relative dose bacterial physiology in determining the direct of these interactions was beyond the scope of this study.…”

“…This gene is necessary for production of the zwittermicin antibiotic (Emmert et al, 2004). A Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain Btk rif R , resistant to rifampicin, was a spontaneous antibiotic resistant mutant derived from DiPel WP (B. t. kurstaki HD-1) (Raymond et al, 2007a). Bacillus cereus and B. thuringienis inocula were prepared by culturing strains on B. cereus specific agar (BcSA; Oxoid, UK) at 30°C for 5 days, that is until sporulation was nearly complete.…”

“…Mixed infections are of interest from an evolutionary ecology and also a biological control perspective. Mixed infections can impose strong selection pressure on competitive ability (Raymond et al, 2007a). Mixed infections of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains have important evolutionary implications for the maintenance of toxin-based virulence.…”

The Effect of Plant Quality on Survival of Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Larvae Infected by Bacillus Thuringiensis Berliner Subsp. Kurstaki

“…The larvae feeding on C. maxima have both a high survival rate and a high amount of gallotannin. Different toxins have been proven to be active against a great number of insects; however, in general, each toxin is restricted to a few species within one insect order in terms of action (Raymond et al, 2007) Appel and Schultz (1994) suggest that mortality was correlated negatively with the concentration of total phenolic, gallotannin and protein binding activity in leaves. It was found that total phenolic amount has a negative effect on the survival rate of the larvae infected by bacteria.…”

Division of labour and terminal differentiation in a novel Bacillus thuringiensis strain

“…Although population structuring, or high relatedness, may reduce competition with Cry toxin cheaters (Raymond et al, 2012), this social conflict is likely to be a substantial selective force. Indeed, genetically diverse Cry toxin null strains in the B. cereus group can compete with toxin producers in a range of invertebrate hosts (Raymond et al, 2007;Kho et al, 2011).…”