Competition between color and luminance for target selection in smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements

Spering, Miriam; Montagnini, Anna; Gegenfurtner, Karl R.

doi:10.1167/8.15.16

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…The fact that spontaneous saccade directions are aligned with the surface depth gradient of a purely disparity-defined plane as shown by Wexler and Ouarti (2008) excludes the possibility that the luminance gradient, always correlated with the perspective tilt axis, guided saccade directions in that and the current study. Earlier, Vishwanath and Kowler (2004) reported that saccade landing positions were related to the 3D geometric cues of the saccade targets revealing that depth cues are important in driving saccades, whereas luminance has been shown to have at the most a moderate effect on saccade landing positions (Melcher & Kowler, 1999;Spering, Montagnini, & Gegenfurtner, 2008). Here we have shown that when two depth cues are present, the axis of spontaneous saccades combines the tilts of the two cues in the same way, and with the same weights, as perception does.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Depth cue combination in spontaneous eye movements

Wismeijer¹,

Erkelens²,

Ee³

et al. 2010

Journal of Vision

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Where we look when we scan visual scenes is an old question that continues to inspire both fundamental and applied research. Recently, it has been reported that depth is an important variable in driving eye movements: the directions of spontaneous saccades tend to follow depth gradients, or, equivalently, surface tilts (L. Jansen, S. Onat, & P. König, 2009; M. Wexler & N. Ouarti, 2008). This has been found to hold for both simple and complex scenes and for a variety of depth cues. However, it is not known whether saccades are aligned with individual depth cues, or with a combination of depth cues. If saccades do follow a combination of depth cues, then it is interesting to ask whether this combination follows the same rules as the well-studied case of depth cue combination in conscious perception. We showed subjects surfaces inclined in depth, in which perspective and binocular disparity cues specified different plane orientations, with different degrees of both small and large conflict between the two sets of cues. We recorded subjects' spontaneous saccades while they scanned the scene, as well as their reports of perceived plane orientation. We found that distributions of spontaneous saccade directions followed the same pattern of depth cue combination as perceived surface orientation: a weighted linear combination of cues for small conflicts, and cue dominance for large conflicts. The weights assigned to the cues varied considerably from one subject to the next but were strongly correlated for saccades and perception; moreover, for both perception and saccades, cue weights could be modified by manipulating cue reliability in a way compatible with Bayesian theories of optimal cue combination. We also measured vergence, which allowed us to calculate the orientation of the plane fitted to points scanned in depth. Contrary to perception and saccades, vergence was dominated by a single cue, binocular disparity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Depth cue combination in spontaneous eye movements

Wismeijer¹,

Erkelens²,

Ee³

et al. 2010

Journal of Vision

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“…According to our results, variations in saccadic measures may reflect reading proficiency and general cognitive functioning, and not only the effect of age as reported in developmental studies ( Munoz et al, 1998 ; Klein et al, 2003 ; Pratt et al, 2006 ), task manipulations ( Spering et al, 2008 ), or neurological dysfunction, as reported previously for clinical populations ( LeVasseur et al, 2001 ; Munoz et al, 2003 ; Machado and Rafal, 2004 ; Karatekin, 2006 ; Rivaud-Pechoux et al, 2007 ; Levy et al, 2008 ). Taking educational and cognitive factors into account in studies of this kind will shed light on the application and interpretation of eye-movement assessment in the fields of basic or clinical research.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Educational and Cognitive Predictors of Pro- and Antisaccadic Performance

2017

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Voluntary gaze control allows people to direct their attention toward selected targets while avoiding distractors. Failure in this ability could be related to dysfunctions in the neural circuits underlying executive functions. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that factors such as years of schooling and literacy may positively influence goaldirected behavior and inhibitory control. However, we do not yet know whether these factors also have a significant impact on the inhibitory control of oculomotor responses. Using pro-and antisaccadic tasks to assess the behavioral responses of healthy adults, we tested the contribution of years of schooling and reading proficiency to their oculomotor control, while simultaneously analyzing the effects of other individual characteristics related to demographic, cognitive and motor profiles. This approach allowed us to test the hypothesis that schooling factors are closely related to oculomotor performance. Indeed, a regression analysis revealed important contributions of reading speed and intellectual functioning to the choices on both pro-and antisaccadic tasks, while years of schooling, age and block sequence emerged as important predictors of the kinematic properties of eye movements on antisaccadic tasks. Thus, our findings show that years of schooling and reading speed had a strong predictive influence on the oculomotor measures, although age and order of presentation also influenced saccadic performance, as previously reported. Unexpectedly, we found that an indirect measure of intellectual ability also proved to be a good predictor of the control of saccadic movements. The methods and findings of this study will be useful for identifying and breaking down the cognitive and educational components involved in assessing voluntary and automatic responses.

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“…Three target contrast conditions ( Figure 1) were chosen to manipulate the processing of visual signals, as described in the Introduction (Thompson, 1982;Doma & Hallett, 1988;Stone & Thompson, 1992;Hawken & Gegenfurtner, 2001;Ludwig et al, 2004;Spering et al, 2005;Braun et al, 2008;Spering et al, 2008). For the high luminance contrast condition the peak luminance contrast of the white Gaussian target blob was set to 0.8.…”

Section: Targets Contrastsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used three different contrast manipulations to selectively attenuate processing mechanisms for position and velocity. It is well established that under some conditions color isoluminance attenuates motion and speed perception (Cavanagh, Tyler, & Favreau, 1984;Lu, Lesmes, & Sperling, 1999; for reviews, see Gegenfurtner & Hawken, 1996;Cropper & Wuerger, 2005) and smooth pursuit eye movements (Braun et al, 2008;Spering, Montagnini, & Gegenfurtner, 2008). However, it does not affect positional accuracy (Krauskopf & Farell, 1991), or the accuracy of saccades to static chromatic targets (White, Kerzel, & Gegenfurtner, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic combination of position and motion information when tracking moving targets

2019

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To accurately foveate a moving target, the oculomotor system needs to estimate the position of the target at the saccade end, based on information about its position and ongoing movement, while accounting for neuronal delays and execution time of the saccade. We investigated human interceptive saccades and pursuit responses to moving targets defined by high and low luminance contrast or by chromatic contrast only (isoluminance). We used step-ramps with perpendicular directions between vertical target steps of 10 deg/s and horizontal ramps of 2.5 to 20 deg/s to separate errors with respect to the position step of the target in the vertical dimension, and errors related to target motion in the horizontal dimension. Interceptive saccades to targets of high and low luminance contrast landed close to the actual target positions, suggesting relatively accurate estimates of the amount of target displacement. Interceptive saccades to isoluminant targets were less accurate. They landed at positions the target had on average 100 ms before saccade onset. One account of this finding is that the integration of target motion is compromised for isoluminant targets moving in the periphery. In this case, the oculomotor system can use an accurate, but delayed position component, but cannot account for target movement. This deficit was also present for the postsaccadic pursuit speed. For the two luminance conditions, pursuit direction and speed were adjusted depending on the saccadic landing position. The rapid postsaccadic pursuit adjustments suggest shared position-and motion-related signals of target and eye for saccade and pursuit control.

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Competition between color and luminance for target selection in smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements

Cited by 12 publications

References 72 publications

Depth cue combination in spontaneous eye movements

Depth cue combination in spontaneous eye movements

Educational and Cognitive Predictors of Pro- and Antisaccadic Performance

Dynamic combination of position and motion information when tracking moving targets

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