“…Retailers are using PL products as a strategic negotiating tool at the retail level (Cuneo et al, 2019;Kelting et al, 2017;Ru et al, 2015). To date, evidence from the economic literature suggests that retailers may be effectively using PL brand lines to exert market power against many national brand (NB) manufacturers (Bruggemann et al, 2020;Kelting et al, 2017;Meza and Sudhir, 2010;Steiner, 2004). The complex nature of the competitive interactions between PLs and NBs has become a concern (to set the price of NB and PL, to increase profit, share, etc.…”