Competition between triticale (Triticosecale Witt.) and field beans (Vicia faba var. minor L.) in additive intercrops

Abstract

47The rationale behind intercropping, as a method of sustainable crop production is that the more diverse system represented by two or more crops grown together should better utilize common limiting resources than the species grown separately. The first problem that can be met when planning efficient cereal-legume intercrop is the choice of the appropriate ratio of component species that produces maximum yield of the intercrop. However the highest yielding ratio of species cannot be known beforehand, in many experiments researchers form the intercrop by adding half of the recommended in pure stand seeding density of each of the component species. The design is termed then "proportional replacement series design" or "proportional substitutive design" (Jolliffe 2000) with 50%/50% proportion of the components. In the design, proportion means the percentage of seeding density derived from pure stand and used to form the intercrop. Using the only one ratio of species in the intercrop is usually the result of limitation in size of any intercrop experiment because an additional factor is often used in such research, for instance different rates of fertilizer. Levels of the factor are then multiplied by pure stand and the intercrop treatments enlarging experimental structure. Such an approach is appropriate, but according to Connolly (1986) the most productive ratio of components in the intercrop can be found only experimentally.The second problem in the intercropping practice is the proper choice of total density of plants per unit area for an intercrop, namely the lowest total density of plants that produces maximum yield of the intercrop. Plant density of a most productive intercrop may be higher than that imposed by the rule used in proportional substitutive design because it may be assumed that component species are able to better utilize resources when intercropped then when they are grown alone (Spitters 1983). Even if the issues are being considered prior to sowing, the next difficulty in designing the efficient intercrop results from unpredictable outcome of interactions between component species and between the species and the environment (Fukai and Trenbath 1993 ABSTRACTIn a microplot experiment conducted in 1999 and 2000 on light soil triticale and field beans were grown as sole crops and in the intercrop system. Two pure stand plant densities were established: 200 and 400 plants/m 2 for triticale and 50 and 100 plants/m 2 for field beans. Four possible intercropping combinations were obtained by adding densities of both crops. Triticale was a better competitor than field beans in all intercrops resulting in competitive balance index significantly greater than zero. The number of pods per plant of field beans was significantly reduced in all intercropping combinations compared to the pure stands, however quality of grain of the legume was unaffected by competition. Intercrop comprising 200 plants/m 2 of triticale and 50 plants/m 2 of field beans was most productive in the experiment but addition 50 more pla...

Effect of the Intensity of Weed Harrowing with Spike-Tooth Harrow in Barley-Pea Mixture on Yield and Mycobiota of Harvested Grains

“…At the moment, it is already known that the efficiency of harrowing is not affected only by the timing of the cultivation but also by many different factors, e.g., number of harrows passages, the working depth of the harrow, soil type, the species and its variety, weather conditions, etc. [13,20,21,36]. We can conclude on the basis of our study and others [22] that mechanical weed control using spike-tooth harrow with appropriately selected intensity reduces weed infestation in the barley-pea intercrop, but does not significantly reduce grain yield of the component species and the harvest index of the mixture.…”

“…Overall, crop mixtures, especially those in which the main components are cereals and legumes, are more resistant to stress factors such as fungal pathogens or insect pests [2,3,12]. Therefore, their yield is higher and more stable than pure stands of their component species [13]. Cereal-legume mixtures seem to be desirable for conventional agricultural production as well as for organic and sustainable farming [11].…”

“…By contrast, harrowing is not very effective, it could even be considered ineffective, against perennial and firmly anchored weeds with deep roots [18]. The influence of harrowing on weed infestation of various crops has been studied, as well as the factors influencing the effectiveness of harrowing in reducing weed infestation [13,16,20,21]. Nevertheless, there are few reports on the effect of harrowing on grain colonization of barley-pea mixture components by microscopic fungi [2,3].…”

Effect of Plant Density and Sowing Time on Growth and Yield of Mung Bean (VignaRadiata (L.) Wilczek) in Upland Rice-Mung Bean Intercropping on Land Sand Beach Samas Indonesia

“…One of the plants that can be intercropped with mung bean is upland rice. There are several reasons for choosing this combination, the first is that mung bean is a crop with low habitus while upland rice is a crop with high habitus, the second is that the root system of these plants are also different, mung bean is a deep rooted plant while upland rice is a fibrous rooted plant (Sobkowicz, 2006), as well as that mung bean is a very good alternate crop in intercropping with upland rice due to the fact that this plant is capable for fixation of free nitrogen from air performed by root nodule bacteria (Nina, 2003). Thus, substantially according to (Saeed et al, 1999) intercropping upland rice with mung bean can increase land productivity.…”

Variation of spike index of cereal and index of pea pods in monocrops and intercrops system of cultivation

“…However, only for rye in mixture with pea, harvest index INTRODUCTION Growing small grains in mixtures with legumes is increasingly gaining in importance. The initial reason for the formation of such mixtures was the assumption that the system consisting of two different crops in the mixture should have a positive effect on mutual weak points and improve the production (SOBKOWICZ, 2006). This cultivation system, apart from having a positive effect on yields (AZIZ et al, 2015), lodging (SABOLOVIĆ, 2014), and the control of weeds (SIMIĆ et al, 2018;GOLIJAN and MARKOVIĆ, 2018) and diseases (KINANE and LYNGKJAER, 2002;FERNÁNDEZ-APARICIO et al, 2010;MARKOVIĆ, 2013;ŽIVANOV et al, 2014), also affects the maintenance of nitrogen in the soil and consequently reduces the costs of mineral fertilizer use (ANIL et al, 1998, CREWS andPEOPLES, 2004).…”