Metal–organic
frameworks (MOFs) such as UiO-66 have shown
great promise for the removal of toxic As(V) species from water, but
the precise adsorption mechanism is not yet well understood. In this
study, we use density functional theory calculations and cluster models
to determine accurate energetics and geometries for the adsorption
of As(V) species present under varying pH conditions, namely, arsenic
acid and related oxyanions. As a result of this analysis, we identify
a new adsorption mode in which two As(V) molecules adsorb in a monodentate
fashion on two neighboring Zr open metal sites resulting from capping
ligand displacement. This mode is preferred over other adsorption
modes previously proposed in the literature at acidic and neutral
pH. Multidentate adsorption modes involving adsorption of a single
As(V) molecule onto both neighboring Zr sites become more competitive
as the pH increases, consistent with the lower adsorption performance
observed at basic pH. Additionally, we study the influence of the
ligands capping the Zr sites on As(V) adsorption thermodynamics. We
show that the hydroxide–water ligand pair is the capping ligand
most easily displaced by adsorbing As(V) species, suggesting that
defects present in the aqueous environment are the ideal site for
As(V) species adsorption. Furthermore, we find that adsorption of
phosphate oxyanions can thermodynamically compete with As(V) adsorption,
thus potentially explaining the observed decreased As(V) adsorption
performance in the presence of phosphates. The molecular-level insights
gained in this study are used to draw general design principles for
the development of new MOFs that can be employed to remove toxic oxyanions
from water.