Using an evolutionary model and a sample of 7,166 firms in the manufacturing and technology sectors of Sweden, we find that surviving organizations founded independent of a parent organization have lower long-term failure rates than their protected subsidiary counterparts. Specifically, we find that subsidiary organizations have low mortality rates when compared to independent organizations, but that their mortality rates increase more rapidly during a severe economic downturn. We also find evidence that surviving independent organizations are more capable than subsidiary organizations of using their resources to reduce mortality rates during an environmental jolt. Overall, our findings strengthen the notion that organizational adaptation is linked not only to ecological and strategic processes but also to organizational structure. 1 We acknowledge that to the extent that independent organizations engage in extensive preproduction-such as market research, planning, and learning-their hazard rates will more closely resemble those of subsidiaries (Carroll et al., 1996). 6 We conducted analyses without controlling for cohort and the results were substantially the same as those reported. 7 A final model including all the interactions was not reported because multicolinearity made the estimates unreliable.